John Adams :: essays papers

toilet AdamsThe Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in theminds and hearts of the people... This radical change in the principles, opinions,sentiments, and affections of the people was the real American Revolution.In three remarkable careers--as a foe of British oppression and champion ofIndependence (1761-77), as an American diplomat in Europe (1778-88), and as the firstvice-president (1789-97) and then the second president (1797-1801) of the UnitedStates--John Adams was a founder of the United States. Perhaps equally important,however, was the life of his mind and spirit in a pungent diary, vivid letters, learnedtracts, and patriotic speeches he revealed himself as a quintessential Puritan, patriarch of an illustrious family, tough-minded philosopher of the republic, sage, and sometimes a vain, stubborn, and vitriolic partisan.John Adams was born in Braintree (now Quincy), Mass., on Oct. 30, 1735, in a smallsaltbox house still standing and open to visitors. His father, John Adams, a deacon and afifth-generation mamma farmer, and his mother, the former Suzanna Boylston,were, their news wrote, both fond of reading so they resolved to give bookishly inclined John a good education. He became the first of his family to go to college when he entered Harvard in 1751. There, and in six further years of intensive reading while he taught school and studied law in Worcester and Boston, he mastered the technicalities of his profession and the literature and learning of his day. By 1762, when he began 14 years of increasingly successful legal practice, he was well informed, ambitious, and public spirited.His close to notable good fortune, however, occurred in 1764 when he married AbigailSmith. John Adamss marriage of 54 years to this wise, learned, strong-willed, passionate, and patriotic woman began the brilliant phase of Adams family history that produced their son John Quincy, his son Charles Francis, his sons Henry and Brooks, and numerous other distinguished progeny.In 1761, John Adams began to think and write and act against British measures that hebelieved infringed on compound liberties and the right of Massachusetts and the othercolonies to self-government. A pamphlet entitled A Dissertation on the Canon and theFeudal Law and town instructions denouncing the sealing wax Act (1765) marked him as avigorous, patriotic penman, and, holding various local offices, he soon became a leaderamong Massachusetts radicals. Although he neer wavered in his devotion to colonialrights and early committed himself to independence as an unwelcome last resort,Adamss innate conservatism made him determined in 1770 that the British soldiers

John Adams :: essays papers

John AdamsThe Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in theminds and patrol wagon of the people... This radical change in the principles, opinions,sentiments, and affections of the people was the real American Revolution.In three remarkable careers--as a foe of British oppression and champion of freedom (1761-77), as an American diplomat in Europe (1778-88), and as the firstvice-president (1789-97) and then the second president (1797-1801) of the UnitedStates--John Adams was a founder of the United States. possibly equally important,however, was the life of his mind and spirit in a pungent diary, vivid letters, learnedtracts, and patriotic speeches he revealed himself as a quintessential Puritan, paterfamilias of an illustrious family, tough-minded philosopher of the republic, sage, and sometimes a vain, stubborn, and vitriolic partisan.John Adams was born in Braintree (now Quincy), Mass., on Oct. 30, 1735, in a smallsaltbox house still rest and open to visitors. His father, John Adams, a deacon and afifth-generation Massachusetts farmer, and his mother, the former Suzanna Boylston,were, their son wrote, both fond of reading so they resolved to give bookishly given over John a good education. He became the first of his family to go to college when he entered Harvard in 1751. There, and in six further historic period of intensive reading man he taught school and studied law in Worcester and Boston, he mastered the technicalities of his profession and the literature and learning of his day. By 1762, when he began 14 years of more and more successful legal practice, he was well informed, ambitious, and public spirited.His most notable good fortune, however, occurred in 1764 when he married AbigailSmith. John Adamss marriage of 54 years to this wise, learned, strong-willed, passionate, and patriotic woman began the brilliant phase of Adams family history that produced their son John Quincy, his son Charles Francis, his sons Henr y and Brooks, and numerous other distinguished progeny.In 1761, John Adams began to hypothecate and write and act against British measures that hebelieved infringed on colonial liberties and the right of Massachusetts and the othercolonies to self-government. A pamphlet entitled A Dissertation on the Canon and theFeudal Law and town instructions denouncing the Stamp Act (1765) marked him as avigorous, patriotic penman, and, holding various local offices, he soon became a leaderamong Massachusetts radicals. Although he never wavered in his devotion to colonialrights and early committed himself to independence as an unwelcome drop dead resort,Adamss innate conservatism made him determined in 1770 that the British soldiers

Guy Montag as a Hero Essay

When we hear the word hero we think ab come out those who fight for our country out at war or those who intrust their bides in jeopardy e trulyday protecting their community like a police officer or fireman, on the whole of these citizens doing this for a small wage in comparison to Rap artists who rhyme profane words making millions of dollars. However you dont have to live on the streets or have to a greater extent money than sense to be a hero, you just have to make a difference. In the end identifying soulfulness as a hero or a villain is up to you, its in the eye of the beholder.Guy Montag was a fireman for his community and do his mark as a hero through countless acts of courage, bravery, and emotion in the novel Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. Montag stood up for his rights on books and defied his govern manpowert, take down if it meant losing hisfamily, friends, job, and property all in order to do what he believed in. Bradbury symbolizes Montag as a sympathetic hero th rough the use of diction. Montag is one of the only divisions in the novel to actually feel an array of different emotions and understand them.For instance, after the old charr had stood atop the pile of burning books and burned with them, Montag pondered what he saw, thither essential be something in books, things we cant imagine, to make a woman stay in a burning house there must be something there. (51) and for the first time Montag was exploring feelings he was not very familiar with, like curiosity and sympathy. For the first time the reader gets the feeling that Montag acts differently to the reprieve of the characters and may be on to something due to his curiosity.Montag shows sympathy in a conversation with Millie, A man had to take a long time to put them down on paper(52) referencing the author of the novels that he and his fellow firemen had burnt. Montag gradually becomes a hero however this results in getting himself into trouble. As the book progresses it is spor ty to say that Curiosity killed the cat as Montag got caught red handed. Courage, the second attribute that Montag performs,can be seen through the use of imagery. Throughout the novel Montag shows that he has courage to do the right thing change surface though things are against him.For example, Montag places his hand on the womans elbow and says, You can come with me(39) referring to the old woman who refused to allow her precious books. He tries to convince the old woman to get out of the house which was about to be burned even though other men had already told her to leave. This act requires courage because in a society presented in Fahrenheit 451, nobody cares about others and by trying to help the old woman Montag creates suspicion toward himself by the other firemen, all because he was trying to save someones life. A second example of his courageousness can be found in the river scene.Bradbury paints a picture in the readers mind, A storm of light fell upon the river and Mo ntag dived under the great illumination as if the sun had mixed-up the clouds(139) using specific word choices and exact detail. In addition to the excellent imagery Montag takes a leap of faith or in his case dowse of faith as he plummets into the river in his attempt at escaping the mechanical hound. Whether it was fluke or not the reader doesnt pick out, but Montag safely escape and stumbled upon an interesting group of men. As stated before, the hero in this book is the main character, Guy Montag which is depicted through character development.Montag is a very peculiar and careful man, and from the start, different from the rest. A lot of Montags character is revealed when he is talking to Clarisse. Hes a good listener and Clarisse spikes his curiosity even more, for example, when she describes to him how she enjoys opening her mouth when it rains, he is extremely surprised, but after she leaves, he tilts his head back and tries it too. (21) Clarisse even remarks, Youre not like the others. Ive seen a few I know. When I talk, you look at me. When I said something about the moon, you looked at the moon, last night. The others would never do that (21).He is a very thoughtful man, and has a sensitivity about him. He also is a searcher for a deeper meaning in life. He says, We need to be in law bothered once in a while. How long is it since youve been really bothered? About something important, about something real? (49). Montag is also imperfect. He is really rash and is alter with a passion that sometimes cripples his goals. He can be destructive, like when he rashly kills Beatty (113). He gets confused and overwhelmed with tough situations and sometimes doesnt know how to get out of them. All and all Bradbury knew he wanted to make Montag the hero and builds that image bit by bit.Montag represents truth. He represents the want for happiness in our lives and the search for why things are like they are. He wants to find TRUE happiness. Not the happine ss everyone else thinks they have. Montag goes on his own search, breaking laws, and doing anything to find out the truth of his own life and that is why he represents the abstract idea of truth. Fahrenheit 451 depicts that a characters personality may have many more facets than are first visible. Bradbury is able to refract the crystal of Montags character, so that it reflects into each readers heart a different aspect of humanity. at a time Montag becomes more human, Bradbury makes it nearly impossible for the reader to hold grudges about his past. Using this as a tool, Montag, the first apparent antagonist of the story, overcomes the government, which is the real antagonist, and emerges as the hero. From a work literature you have read in or out of school, select a character that, in your opinion, is heroic. In a well-developed composition, identify that character and explain why he or she is heroic. Thesis Montag is eventually known as a heroic character.

Pretty Little Liars Book Review

ENG2D1-03 22 April 2013 Pretty Little Liars The retain I have chosen to do a review on leave behind be on the New York Times best-seller novel written by Sara Shepard Pretty Little Liars. Pretty Little Liars is a drama/mystery book that was released in 2006 and has since then had rave reviews and been produced into a television series that is ongoing. The theme of the book is all ab step to the fore your secrets and how they can come back to haunt you and how they take on an important role in your life.I choose to do this book because after watching the spin-off into a television series I was intrigued and curious on how it would differ from the television show. My first impression was Wow This is way better than the TV show because of the little details added and the mesmerizing words I was helpless and fascinated on how the book would end. In the book Pretty Little Liars there are four main protagonists which are Aria Montgomery, Hanna Marin, Emily Fields, and Spencer Hastings and an antagonist A. This book all revolves around their struggles, erotic love life, and primarily the secrets they have.To begin, I for charter talk around Aria Montgomery a bohemian hipster that likes vintage habit and has an artsy personality. Montgomery is a resilient teenage girl because she has gone through the affair of her father and her family issues at home. The informant states, out front he could answer, Aria shot out of the car, blood rushing in her eyes. How was she supposed to be Icelandic Aria, who left the past behind, if one of her worst memories of rosewood tree unbroken bubbling to the surface. (Shepard, 100) Indeed, this quote reflects Arias hardship but also fitting in did not come easy for her.For example, Aria was constantly looked at as an unordinary person for her pink highlights and stuffed pig named Pigtunia when she was on adolescent. The author states, Not only was she talking to a cute, smart guy about Europe but, this might be the only guy in Rosewood who didnt know her as Aria the weird friend of the pretty girl who vanished. (Shepard, 39) Obviously, this quote reflects Arias life before she went to Finland and how shes been forgotten. The second protagonist I will be talking about is Hanna Marin a confident girl that trives to be popular and never go back to how she used to be. Hannah is very uncertain about her appearance and struggles with both bulimia and anorexia. For instance, whenever Hanna eats out of impulse she soon regrets it and makes herself feel as if shes going to morph into her seventh- course punishing self again. The author states, Hanna was amazed how, even though it had been years since shed done this, everything felt the exact same. Her stomach ached, her pants felt tight, and all she treasured was to be rid of what was inside her. (Shepard, 122) This quote proves Hannas struggle with her appearance is real but it did not come from herself it came from Alisons constant teasing and always want ing to make her proud. For example, Hanna often wishes Alison could have seen how popular and how shes transformed to today just for self-satisfaction. The author proclaims, But the biggest thing Ali missed? Hannas makeover, of cable and it was such a bummer she had. (Shepard, 46) This evidently confirms Hannas ambition to make Alison proud as she tries to appear how Alison used to look like.The next protagonist I will be talking about is Spencer Hastings the ambitious, extremely expert girl that has a rivalry with her perfect senescenter sister. Spencer is an extremely competitive girl that is free to do whatever it takes to win. For example, sometimes she will flirt with her sisters boyfriend and even kiss them just to conquer back at her sister. The author states, Shed merely wanted to flirt Ian was wasting all his hotness on her plain vanilla, goody-two-shoes sister-so she gave Ian a peck goodbye on the cheek.But when he touch her up against his passenger door, she didn t try to run away. (Shepard, 57) Another thing is Spencer is often quick to jump to conclusion For example, when Andrew Campbell asked her about how shes doing since Melissas home she automatically thought he was the person who wrote her the email A. The author proclaims, What if what if Andrew was the one skulking around spying on her? What if Andrew wrote the creepy envy email? Andrew was so competitive it seemed possible. (Shepard, 144) Thus proving Spencer usually assumes something without looking at the big picture.The last protagonist is Emily Fields a dedicated swimmer that has a kind personality. The author states, She was nearly a straight-A, four-time state champion butterflyer and a hyper-obedient daughter. (Shepard, 100) Emily also tends to want things she cannot have (i. e. Maya) her being sissy was interdict so they kept quiet and did not say anything. The disappearance and later announced death of Alison impacted her greatly as she found it hard to love again an d appropriate her feelings this is Emilys character.The antagonist of the novel is A an unknown identity that knows all the girls secrets and manipulates them to do whatever they want. With A not only does this person know secrets about the past that only Alison knew but also the present as well. I believe A is very smart because they never leave a hound or clue behind making them very sneaky. For example, when Hanna had got arrested for stealing and also the time she crashed Seans car the only person else who knew and was with her was Mona so how did A get a hold of the information.The author states, She checked the notes address again, but it was just a mess of letters and numbers. (Shepard, 96) This proves that A is highly intelligent because she makes sure when sending the liars a text her name/addressed cannot be traced. These are the characters in the novel Pretty Little Liars. This book takes place in numerous settings in Rosewood Pennsylvania. There is Mayas former Alison DiLaurentis house, the Kahns annual party and the AP English class that they are all in. With Alisons old house Emily reminisces a lot and feels her presence in a way.The author states, The first thing she saw when she pulled up to Alisons old Victorian kinfolk at the top of the leafy street was a huge pile of trash on the curb and a big sign marked, FREE This gives us an understanding on how Alisons old home looked like. *** The main setting is AP English class with Mr. Fitz (Ezra). In here we get a sense of forbidden love between the both of them. For example, even though they cannot be together Aria still tries. The author states, But this isnt meant to be, you know? Cause, well, youre my student. I could get in a lot of trouble.You dont want me to get in trouble, do you? (Shepard, 103) I think it was an excellent and professional way of Ezra demonstrate Aria they cannot be together. Although there is tender awkwardness in the atmosphere between her and the class because of the fly incident I think the student teacher obstacle should not go any further. These are the settings in the book and how they affect the characters. Pretty Little Liars is a book that talks about forbidden love but primarily secrecy. It seems like everyone in Rosewood is in love with someone they cannot have. There is Aria and her English teacher Mr.Fitz, Spencer and her sisters boyfriend Wren, Emily and her bisexual friend Maya, and lastly Hanna and the guy of her dreams Sean who always rejects her. In the beginning of the book it starts off with Alisons disappearance during a sleepover the summer before eighth grade and jumps three years later to a time where the girls have grown apart and live their separate lives. Alison was friends with the exclusive group of girls she was vindictive, manipulative and what you would call the queen-bee of the pack. Before the disappearance, of their beloved friend the liars lives were oh so different.Aria was known as the odd-ball of Rosewoo d, Emily was still a passionate swimmer but had at the time secret feelings for Alison, Hanna was an overweight donkeywork that strived to be like Alison, and Spencer was still the over-achieve but was the only brave enough to stand up to Alison. The liars are a junior in high instill now and the disappearance of their old friend has been forgotten about. Suddenly all of the liars begin receiving text messages from A an anonymous person that knows all of their secrets and stuff from the past.

Mandated Curriculum versus Developmentally Appropriate Practices Essay

I am writing this letter to discuss with altogether the members of the develop climb on about some of my concerns with the new state-mandated textbook-based curriculum for kindergarten. As a parent I want only the best kind of education for my children and I olfactory modality that this new curriculum is not the best. The fact that you went with a new curriculum is disturbing to me because the teachingally appropriate practice that was our old curriculum was working great(p) for our children. Developmentally appropriate practice or DAP for short is an approach to teaching that is grounded in the research of how young children learn and develop by using what is cognise about the effective use of early education in children ( subject area Association for the Education of Young Children, 2010).The framework of the DAP curriculum is designed to promote the optimal skill and development of young children (National Association for the Education of Young Children, 2010). I believe t hat the developmentally appropriate program is the best form of education for my children because it supports the individual demand and interests of the children in accordance with what they are mentally and physically dress to learn (Jaruszewicz, 2012).The use of the new textbook-based curriculum is inappropriate because it does not support those needs. The children in our school system need to be able to learn at their own pace because if they are not ready to learn the information that the teachers are onerous to teach them, then the children can lose interest in discipline very fast. Meaning that the textbooks that you testament be using in this curriculum scotch a lot of information on any given subject but they do not cover the information on specific books that is appropriate for the age of the children. This literature is very affectivein getting, keeping and maintaining the interest of our children and keeps them excited about learning the information.The children in your school system will not be able to learn the material and maintain their interest in learning with the use of your new textbook-based curriculum. If our children lose their interest in learning then it will be very difficult to teach them anything. Every child learns in a different way and this means that if you are difficult to teach every child by textbook then some of the children are not going to be learning the material all the way. Do to the No Child Left Behind Act our children will not be able to have all the knowledge that they need when they are ready to graduate. This is something that we need to fix because we need to make sure that our children are learning everything that they will need to know to be able to succeed in college and life.So in conclusion I believe that we should go back to the old standards of teaching. The developmentally appropriate program is a great learning curriculum that is holy for teaching kindergarten children. There are three core consi derations of DAP that help with the teaching process for these young minds. These three considerations are to know about child development and learning, knowing what is individually appropriate, and knowing what is culturally important (National Association for the Education of Young Children, 2012). If we continue to use these forms of teaching for our children then our children will learn all of the information that they need to know in order to be ready for grade school and then for their futures.ReferencesJaruszewicz, C. (2012). Curriculum and Methods for Early Childhood Educators. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education. National Association for the Education of Young Children. (2010). Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP). Retrieved from http//www.naeyc.org/DAP

Crime Rates and Perceptions of Crime

Sociological Problem The public perception of detestation is that it has increased whilst official statistics show that over exclusively, criminal offense has rock-bottom over the years. In this risk social club, a fear of victimisation has start out part of our lifestyle and we argon constantly reminded of the potential dangers of becoming victims of crime. The renowned study by Stanley Cohen (Folk Devils and Moral Panics (1972)) is a prime example of how society is encour healed to worry about certain groups and use them as a scapegoat to blame societys problems on.Sociologists are concerned with this topic as the fear of crime is becoming a bigger problem to tackle than crime itself. 1. 2 Research Question Why has the fear of crime increased when statistics indicate a fade in crime? What influences muckles perceptions of crime and to what extent do these perceptions impact on society? The central concern of my research is to discover the reasons behind the growing fear o f crime and if thither is a causal link surrounded by newspaper readership and perceptions of crime.As (Blackie 2009 77) suggests, my research question is to understand, explain and evaluate the reasons behind this problem. This is a topic of interest to sociologists as medias twisting of reality creates a distorted view of crime, with nation more than(prenominal)(prenominal) out of touch with the reality of crime than ever. 2. Data Selection The first shelve I have selected shows the sources most influential on the changes of perception of crime over the by few years (see Appendix 1), and the second table reflects the correlation between newspaper readership and perceptions of crime (see Appendix 2).I collected these tables from the Home Offices British crime pile on (Perceptions of crime, engagement with the police, authorities dealing with anti social behaviour and community payback (Chaplin et al, 2011)). This information was gathered by a national face to face victimi sation survey of people aged 16 and over from households in England and Wales where people were asked their experiences of crime. 3. Methodology The data I am analysing is quantitative data, since it is non possible to turn a social scientist without an discretion of statistics (Diamond and Jefferies, 2001 1).It is also a form of secondary data compend as the data I am looking at are derived from official statistics. When analysing table 3. 02 (see Appendix 2), I discovered a bivariate relationship between the type of newspaper read, and the publics perception surrounding the amount of crime. in that respect is a causal relationship here depending on what newspaper you read your perception of crime is likely to differ. As (Bryman, A and Cramer, D 2000) note, it is important to make rely the cause prior to the effect. An effect tummynot come before a cause. In table 3. 01 (see Appendix 1) there is a hooked variable and an independent variable.The dependent variable is the pu blics perception of crime and the independent variable is the type of source they hear it from. From analysing the variables within the tables I have come up with a hypothesis that media representations of crime can influence peoples view of crime. What I want to discover is if this amplifies peoples fear of crime. Firstly, I will be using formal content summary to measure the amount of space devoted to crime and the types of crime covered in newspapers. I will then use thematic analysis to look for themes which underlie the content.My third and final analysis will be textual analysis where I will be closely examining the text used in newspapers to see how it encourages a particular reading and creates an impression. Some of the advantages of using secondary data analysis include firstly it is more structured and standardised which gives us more reliable and repeatable results. It allows us to study larger adds which gives results that are more representative of a population. As i t is a detached and objective method, the researcher merely manipulates the variables and records the results.Their subjective feelings have no effect on the outcome of the experiment. If subjectiveness becomes involved it could interfere with the outcome. In the British Crime Survey they used interviews to find out peoples views. This made the results easy to quantify peculiarly when answers are pre coded. This also makes them suitable for hypothesis testing. However, there are also disadvantages to using quantitative data. As we are analysing from a secondary source, there is a lack of familiarity with the data which may cause confusion with the data presented.It does not allow the researcher to be personally involved, thus they produce a more superficial understanding. The British Crime Survey 2010/11 gives us an overall view of the statistics involved however it does not give a deeper understanding and a more valid picture of the other factors that may be relevant. The results of quantitative data are limited as it produces numerical descriptions as opposed to a detailed narrative which gives us a less detailed account of the publics perception on crime. 4. Analysis The world appears to have become a dangerous place to live, there is a fear of crime and a fortress mentality.The increased sense of insecurity makes many uneffective to deal reasonably with the problem of crime. One of the reasons crime has decreased is the privatisation of public space in recent years. CCTV are used to control how people annoy these public areas. The police have also become confined to certain parts of towns and cities due to tipping which allows them to keep a watchful eye on a specific area. Baldwin and Bottoms (1976) looked at the process of tipping, which is when councils put all antisocial together in the same place.This leads to concentration of crime in a given area, which can also have the opposite effect of creating more crime. The process of tipping is similar to the broken window theory of Wilson and Kelling (1982). Its a zero tolerance where there is no acceptance even of the smallest crimes. This will not allow them to grow into bigger problems. The media devotes a great deal of time and coverage to crime and deviance. They are accused of giving a distorted image of crime, criminals and policing. There are studies that indicate that the proportion of news devoted to crime has increased over the past 50 years.An example is a study that found the proportion of space given to crime reports in the Daily Mirror and the Times from 1945 to 1991 increased from 8% to 21% (Reiner et al. , 2000). The coverage of violent and sexual crimes is significantly greater than their incidence as measured by official statistics, victim studies and self report studies. Homicide accounts for champion third of all crime news. William and Dickinsons (1993) study of 10 national newspapers in 1989 found 64. 5% of crime stories were about violence against a person, whereas the British Crime Survey only showed 6% of crimes inform by victims in 1989 about violence.The amount of violent and sexual crimes tended to be more frequent the more down market the newspaper. Although murder stories attract much of the public eye, it only accounts for 600 or 700 offences a year, with most of these being domestic violence. Table 3. 03 (see appendix 2) shows the oddment between tabloid newspapers and visor newspapers and peoples perception of crime. 81% of people who read popular newspapers believed crime had increased, in comparison to 59% of people who read broadsheet newspapers.This shows how the type of newspaper affects peoples view of crime and how the media want certain groups to worry about crime more than others. If the works crime syndicate are living in fear of crime, they are less likely to rise and revolt, as they are too busy fearing the vicious streets. Crime news focuses on the actual incident of the crime rather than the causes. However broadsheets such as the Guardian are more likely to contain an analysis of the causes of crime (Carrabine et al. , 2002). Tabloid readers are mostly works class as they tend to prefer the cheaper and less intellectual types of newspapers.(Simmons and Dodd, 2003) discovered tabloid readers are twice as likely to be very worried about burglary, mugging, physical attack and rape. An important fact is that the victims of crime are mostly the poor, working class and ethnic deprived groups. Much crime is done by the working class on the working class. Ironically, the media shows victims being mainly women, white people and heights status individuals. This shows how the media are manipulating our view of crime, making us believe the working class are committing the crimes whilst the privileged are suffering from the crimes.However, there is another view. The British Crime Survey found that people who live in inner-city areas and council estates are particularly concerned about crime, pa rticularly violent crime. These are the areas where most working class people live and the areas where violent crime is more likely to happen. Tabloid newspapers may merely be reflecting their concern with crime rather than shape it. As Crawford et al. , (1990) says, in inner city areas, mass media coverage of crime tends to reinforce what people already know. From looking at table 3.01 (see Appendix 1) it shows the major(ip) sources that influence peoples perceptions of crime is news programmes on TV/radio, local anaesthetic newspaper and tabloid newspapers. Different sources of information affected the different perceptions of crime. The people who thought crime had increased nationally were most likely to find out about crime through TV programmes or radio (62%), local newspapers (35%) or tabloid newspapers (35%) as their source of information. Both tables are ordinal data as the events are placed in ordered categories along a single dimension (Fowler Jr., 2004).The main sourc es of crime news derive from the police and courts. However, it is important to note that the way the statistics were collected may affect the data. There is a dark figure of crime that does not get reported and that the police consider not worthy to be recorded. Not all crimes are reported and the police record an even smaller proportion of property crime. The official crime index excludes for offences ranging from drunk driving to white collar violations. Marxists believe capitalist economy exploits the working class and this gives rise to crime.Capitalism encourages the middle class to be greedy and self interested. This sometimes leads to corpo appraise and white collar crime however this is not the medias main focus. Marxists also argue street crime is disproportionally prosecuted, that the poor commit compared to the white collar crime that the middle class commit. Stuart Halls (Policing The Crisis (1978)) study applied a fully social theory of deviance to the study of mugging . Halls study shows how the media will focus on a particular minority and create a moral panic, often to cover another problem.The myth of the black mugger served as a scapegoat to distract precaution away from the real causes of problem such as unemployment. The black mugger came to symbolise the disintegration of the social order. This is also apparent in todays society as we are encouraged to fear the hoody youth and believe the majority of them carry a knife. Journalists are dependent on official sources for their information. These sources have become primary definers they define what counts as crime, what counts as justice and what they believe to be significant.In doing so, they reflect the concerns of the powerful the agents of social control and the state (Hall et al. , 1978). The British Crime Survey includes questions about perceptions of crime and the concerns. It also asks questions about newspaper readership. Findings from the surveys from 2001 to 2003 show that ove r the three years, a growing proportion of respondents thought that the national crime rate had risen a lot (25% in 2001, 30% in 2001/02 and 38% in 2002/03). In comparison, the British Crime Survey indicated a steady fall in crime over these years.The 2002/03 survey shows that 43% of those who read a tabloid newspaper believed the crime rate had increased a lot compared to 26% of broadsheet readers (Simmons and Dodd, 2003). The news media tend to portray a positive picture of the Criminal Justice System. Things such as the success and justice of the police are often exaggerated. There are some stories of the corruption of the police however this is presented as an individuals failings, rather than the Criminal Justice System (Chibnall, 1977). The legitimacy of the Criminal Justice System is protected.This underlies many news reports on crimes. The loaded is the average of the distribution of the variable (Seale C 2004 327). The most common expression for the recall of a statistic al distribution with a variable is the average of all the terms. In order to discover the mean, you simply add up the values of all the terms and then divide by the number of terms. There are other expressions however these forms are hardly used in statistics. The median is the number positioned in the middle of a distribution, below which half the values fall (Seal C 2004 328) The median for table 3.01 (see appendix 1) is Broadsheet newspapers at 20% . The mean for table 3. 03 (see appendix 2) for the tabloid newspapers are The Daily Mail and The Daily Star both at 81% saying crime has increased. The median for the broadsheet newspapers are The Times and The Financial Times at 60% and 50%. The mode is defined as being the most frequently occurring value in a distribution (Seal C 2004328). The mode for table 3. 01 (see appendix 1) this is the variable that occurs most often. The variable that occurred most often in both tables was the newspapers and more specifically tabloid newspap ers.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, the tables and data provided have proved there is an obvious causal relationship between newspaper readership and perceptions of crime. It has effected society as we have near become reliant on sources of secondary data such as newspapers to feed us with knowledge of crime, which has created a distorted view. We become sucked into the manipulation of the media and believe what we read to be fact, even if we do know at the back of our minds it is an exaggerated version of the truth.Crime has always been a staple ingredient of humans fascination and it will always make headlines. The main influence of peoples perception of crime comes from the media. The media has a huge part to play in shaping the way we think and hear about things, therefore they are also able to manipulate our view, but ultimately it is our choice to believe it or not. For Durkheim (1893) Crime is normal and an integral part of all healthy society. It is also important to realise t hat we do need crime in society as it affirms our cultural values and norms and promotes social unity.

Attitude Reflects Leadership

A leader is any(prenominal)one who is held to high standards and is looked upon to make decisions of his or her followers. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a perfect leader because of the many attributes he demonstrated as hot seat of the fall in States. He led this country through moments in history which lie in of the striking imprint and World contend II. There are six main qualities that define a good leader. President Franklin D. Roosevelt demonstrated such ingenuous qualities which brought America out of a desperate crisis changing America forever.Integrity is a select that a leader must establish. A person with integrity has the analogous integrity on the outside as they do on the inside. Such an individual can be trusted because he or she never veers from interior(a) values, even when it might be expeditious to do so. FDR articulated this quality when he strived to entrust the American people through his fireside chats. It was then that he confided in the American pe ople as to the burdens during the Great Depression and his plan to make a better America.Dedication is an other(a) quality that determines the value of a leader. To touch this, a leader willing sp exterminate dedicated m and energy necessary to successfully complete the task at hand. Dedication goes beyond the address of duty of what is expected of you. FDR was composed of this quality. He always sought to help the American people by giving them a chance to get some notes in their pockets and get employment to help solve the Great Depression.Roosevelt made a New negociate in which he made corporations and laws that helped hold up people jobs and become financially stable. An example of this was when the Works Progress Administration (WPA) employed people to do artistic, public works and research projects. This New Deal showed that FDR was dedicated to making our country one of equal opportunity and an all-around better place to live.The openness of a leader is a strong qualit y which attributes to listening to new ideas even if they do not conform to the usual way of thinking. FDR was able to suspend judgment of others and welcome their ideas. He related to other people and sympathized with the tough time of their day-to-daylives. He understood what the American people valued and worked hard to develop new laws helping to put an end to the Great Depression.Creativity is the ability to think differently and to go outside the box to make solutions. Roosevelt was filled with this gifted quality. He always developed new solutions and laws that would generate to not only more jobs for the people but jobs that would help the environment as well.Assertiveness is the ability to clearly state what one expects so that there will be no misunderstandings. Along with assertiveness comes the responsibility to clearly understand what followers expect from their leader. FDR clearly had this through doing things in a timely and efficient manner. FDR was the most active and proficient President in his first 100 days in office. He worked diligently on the New Deal in order to give people new jobs to recover from debt and the Great Depression. It was the strong quality of assertiveness that led the country to a clear understanding of our Presidents tactics.The final quality of leader is a sense of imagination which is vital to relieving tension as well as to defuse hostility, therefore, maintaining a level of harmony. Effective leaders know how to energize their followers. Humor is a form of antecedent that provides control over the working environment. FDR had a nifty sense of humor always talking to people and always putting a smile on his face to let America know even in the toughest times, he can still laugh and be happy. This left people with a positive sense of hope in their President. One reporter Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. is report to have said Roosevelt has a second class intellect but a first class personality (Bennett, 156).The nature of the time and the obstacles a leader might face during FDRs 12 years in office was a Great Depression. A time whereby most of the entire country was cause to be perceived from another World War, which people were against. This combined was a tough enough job to conquer let alone the everyday obstacles a President faces man in the White House. These times were the hardest that any US President might ever have faced. The leadership qualities that I have explained resulted in the success of our thirty-second President FDR. It was these qualities that gave him the strength, character and leadership to be one of the greatest Presidents to have ever led our country. Roosevelt was a man ofsold effort and who welcomed and invited challenges.Two of his biggest challenges were the Great Depression and World War II. His divine qualities led our country out of these catastrophic events bringing America to the great country that it is today. Roosevelt ultimately saved capitalism through his economic reforms. His regulations of economic affairs introduced the government into many areas of new life. The New Deal was the new life that was breathed into Congress which brought about new jobs and money for the people. Roosevelts enthusiasm for his programs led him to be a sense or peace for the people of the country. Although his New Deal was not the biggest utility to help the Great Depression, it did help psychologically by giving the American people the feeling that everything was going to be alright.It gave the people hope that our country would survive through distraught times. In 1937 an economic depression was reversed to a recession. James MacGregor Burns put it as luck came to save FDR (Bennett, 201). It was in fact the truth as the New Deal did not form this recession. Ultimately the state of war in Europe gave American business new markets, making the United States as Roosevelt puts it the great arsenal of democracy (Updegrove, 56). The war opened up jobs for me n and women, African Americans, and other minorities. Even though we were just giving aid to our Allies Britain and were for a policy of isolationism, it still produced more jobs because we had troops going to war and giving other Americans opportunities.On December 7, 1941 the Japanese changed that with the bombing of Pearl Harbor and America declared war on the Japanese opening up even more jobs because more and more troops were being sent over to go charge up for our country. During the war, Roosevelt took his role as commander in chief very seriously involving him in military planning and sometimes overriding the opinions of joint chiefs. He unploughed the comparable men at the top of the command structure from the beginning of the war to its end. His make outance during the war, overall aided the war. His political awareness kept up the morale of the American people. FDR is typically portrayed as an isolationist and a belligerent being pushed into the war.A combination of him not wanting to be in the war and him wanting to be in the war is what made this a strategic approach to the war itself. Although his actions seemed to draw the United States into deeper involvement in the war, FDR continued to employ his goal of keeping the United States out of conflict.Rather than dissembling, Roosevelt charted a steady and rational approach based on his strategic perspective. His approach toward the war commix the isolationist view with his desire to keep out of European conflicts with active efforts to overthrow Adolf Hitler and his Nazi regiment.Once the war started FDR wanted to influence the outcome of the war so he and his administration thought they could cause Germany to collapse themselves to lead to their demise as well as Hitlers. FDR realized that he could not make the same mistake of Woodrow Wilson and declare the country neutral. Instead, he and deliberately pursued opportunities to aid the French and British with ammunitions, aircraft and suppl ies. During the late 1930s the Roosevelt administration envisioned Germanys power as extremely diminutive and its people under abuse with several years of full mobilization.These beliefs caused the outbreak of the war and these conditions were comparable to those of the First World War. In 1940, FDR predicted that there will be a revolution in Germany itself (McPherson 226). This prediction that helped save the American people from both the Great Depression and World War II was absolutely remarkable. Overall, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a man of integrity, dedication, openness, creativity, assertiveness, and a light sense of humor. These qualities are what made him an intelligent, respected leader of the American people. Without the guidance of President Roosevelt, United States history may have been changed.His dedication led this country out of the Great Depression and a hideous Second World War. Franklin Delano Roosevelt is a authorized human symbol of what the United States s tands for and believes in as a leader of our country. Many Presidents recite in their Presidential Inauguration Speech that they will perform their job as president to the best of their ability (McPherson 1). President Roosevelt did indeed perform to the best of his ability and led America out of a time of despair through his exquisite qualities of devout leadership.