Discrimination at workplace based on gender and ethnicity

Imagine being stuck in the same job without proper compensations, or being thrown out of the job one fine day and being replaced by someone, you know hardly measures up to the fine standards you maintain, just because you do not look good, or you have physical ailments, or the other person is a pretty looking female, and you are a male, or simply because you are being replaced by a younger, ‘energetic’ person, whose age replaces your experience and competence.This is a thought that scares millions of workers and professionals as they set out for to earn their daily bread and feed their dependants. The thought that this day may be their last day at work and not due to their own fault can be a thought very scaring indeed. The ‘big boss’ literally rules your life and these are things that must change for the better. Is it fair to judge a person and his professionalism solely on the basis of his colour, age, sex, ethnicity, and sexual tendencies?How does it matt er whether I was born in Africa, India or New York; why should it matter if my skin is black, brown or white; is being 45 years old a crime; why should one be prejudiced against if he/she has feelings for the same sex. In the end it should be the professional competence and the attitude to success that should replace these trivial feelings. Work place discrimination encompasses a spectrum of situations.It may range from sexual discrimination to sexual harassment, even work place bullying. It is pertinent here to define three commonly misinterpreted terms, ‘unlawful discrimination’, ‘unlawful harassment’ and ‘workplace bullying’. As detailed on the Human Rights and Equal Rights Commission (HREOC) website, unlawful discriminations implies a deliberate attempt to sideline a person in favour of others solely because of his age, sex, religion, ethnicity or pregnancy status, and other factors outlined above.Similarly ‘unlawful harassmentâ€℠¢ has been defined in the same website as â€Å"Under federal and state legislation unlawful harassment occurs when someone is made to feel intimidated, insulted or humiliated because of their race, colour, national or ethnic origin; sex; disability; sexual preference; or some other characteristic specified under anti-discrimination or human rights legislation†. Work place bullying relates to â€Å"the repeated less favourable treatment of a person by another or others in the workplace, which may be considered unreasonable and inappropriate workplace practice.It includes behaviour that intimidates, offends, degrades or humiliates a worker†. In the text a more detailed analysis with suitable situations will be mentioned. There should not a ‘wrongful termination’, which is the dismissal of an employee, when he did not deserve it. Workplace discrimination on the basis of gender When a deliberate attempt is made to downgrade a person solely on the basis of gen der, and this goes against the contractual agreement, it constitutes a ground for appeal (Allison & Taylor, Inc). It may be intended directly or indirectly as unintended rules.It may be ‘Disparate Treatment Gender Discrimination’, where a person is treated differently simply because of his gender. An example of this could be a situation where a male employee gets a better pay package than his female counterpart on the unfounded premise that he works more than her. It may be the other way round, that a female secretary gets more leaves from the boss, while her male counterpart is denied any leave. A slightly more complex situation is that of ‘Disparate Impact Gender Discrimination’, where there is has been an unintentional process involved.This can be understood in the context of employment in the armed forces, where though the rules of entry may be the same for both the sexes, yet, for some particular situations, like war, special rules may have been set, s uch that it becomes difficult for female soldiers to qualify. There may be a frank situation of sexual harassment, where promotions are linked to gaining special favors, usually sexual in nature, from the person of opposite sex. As shown in the cine-film,† Disclosure†, where the female boss deliberately denies opportunity to the male professional, because he refused sexual favors.There may be harassment from the same sex, where in the female boss, feeling threatened sexually by the entry of a petite secretary or a colleague, deliberately insults her in front of others, in effect creating a ‘hostile environment’. There is an interesting entity known as ‘Quid Pro Quo Harassment (district attorney . com). This refers quiet simply to trade in terms of sexual favors. In this situation the availability of sex is the prime requisite to continue work. It may also mean, that the job is denied to a suitable candidate, if sexual favors are denied.A hostile enviro nment is one where the employee is challenged mentally and emotionally due to repeated exposure to offensive materials such as crude jokes, pornographic material (HREOC website). This does not allow the employee to settle down to the best of his/ her abilities. Of course, just because offensive language is used, or sexual advances are made, does not qualify simply as workplace discrimination. If such activities are carried out in concert with the said employee, there is no ground for case against the office.A female employee may readily consent to go out on a date with her colleague, but later if she alleges sexual harassment, this does not constitute ground for appeal. These are some situation of unlawful discrimination. There are other situations like prejudice in selecting a particular employee for promotion, or training, or dismissal. A female employee, doing the same work, may be receiving lesser pay. Under the Equal Pay for Equal Act (Safety. com) every person doing similar wo rk should be paid paid equally.An interesting aspect is that strictly speaking sex and gender are considered different by pure semantics (workplacefairness. org). Sex is anatomical identity of the person, while gender refers to how the person perceived himself/ herself. Other spectra of workplace discrimination. Discrimination on the basis of age – in the AARP website, a reference to the Age Discrimination in Employee’s Act (ADEA) is mentioned. According to the law, if discrimination has been done to a person above 40 years of age on the basis of his age, it is illegal.It may be in the form of not being selected for the job inspite of being qualified in favor of a younger person, or it may be denial of promotions on the basis of age. Such a situation may also arise if the older employee is dismissed by the company in favor of a younger person, so that the new employee is paid less. A larger number of Racial discrimination – The colour of the skin of the person, or the company a person keeps, should never constitute grounds for prejudice. Action against someone for dating a person of different culture, constitutes grounds for appeal (www.districtattorney. com).Pregnancy and marriage discrimination- pregnancy is a temporary disability and is considered so (workplacefairness. org). Any discrimination on the above is wrong and punishable by law. If a female employee is treated differently because of her marriage than one who is married, the affected employee is right in taking action against the employer. Discrimination on basis of nation of origin. In the United Stated, only federal reserved jobs can be advertised as â€Å"for US Nationals Only†.Any other job is open for any individual who has gone through the mandatory requirements of the US Government (districtattorney. com) The opposing view Till now we have considered numerous points against the policy if discrimination, but to better understand the complex situation, a point in fa vour may also be taken, and indeed valid arguments may be put up. For example, any firm, be it government or private, has the right to employ the best professionals in order to further its interests.Thus if the company feels, that a person is getting old, and does not enthuse the same enthusiasm as he used to, it may be argued that it is within its rights to employ someone it feels is young and dynamic and ready to face challenges. It thus breeds a feeling of intense competition that brings out the best in the professional, forcing him to work better. This ‘on the edge’ feeling will foster a will to perform better. Hazardous jobs like army, fire fighting service and the police, need tough physical labour and often there is a real threat to the personnel.It is a fact that men are physically better equipped to face these situations. Thus these institutions may feel that by getting only the best for the job, will help important services like the army and police perform the tasks of fighting and security better. Again the company may feel, that a lady who is pregnant, or who has delivered recently, will not be able to give the commitment that is required. Long hours that a company demands, may not be possible fort the lady. Thus this situation can be argued both ways Summary. It is inhuman to deny a human being the opportunity to succeed in life, and prove himself.Thus why it should make a difference that he is black, or white, or he is above forty, especially when the person is qualified for his position, is incomprehensible. No argument is possible to defend someone who denies a job to a woman, just because she is married, or has delivered. Pregnancy is a universal truth, how can society be so cruel. All said and done, work place discrimination is a blot on the very existence of society, and all measures, be it legal, or legislative must be taken to ensure that this does not take place.

Books vs Computers Essay

Sep 4, 2007, 10:22am Today,computer is the most important invention since fire was invented. Most people use computer instead of book. According to school research,students choose computer to do their homework. Some people believe that books are more useful than computers. However, this research indicate that children and teenagers benefit from computer more than book. Therefore, schools should purchase computers rather than compiling a library because of two main reason:students can reach every information without spending waste time and they able to use computer when they do their homework. see more:replacements for you in an essay Recently,techonolgy has been developing. Therefore schools shoul obey modern world’s rule. They should prefer computer because firstly, today all documents and datas are written on computer especially internet. people share their countless source by using internet. In addition, books are read in the internet. all of this acknowledge shows tahat computers and internet are treasure for students. For example, when a student want to search his homework topic such as history of art or Atat? rk’s life. He can just read one book because of deadline. Homework he can access all information about his homework by using internet website include in articals pictures or short films. All of these are good reason to choose computer. Secondly,today bussiness life want employees who are aable to use computer because all companies, bussiness men use computer in order to connect with other companies. If children learn computer in early year, they can improve using computer skills from day to day. In the future all people will be controling their job from computer. Today most people know reading but how many people know using computer? To sum up, school has a big part of children’s lives. Therefore school managers should spend money to built computer lab. They should give a change to their students to save time and learn computer. If students spend less time for their homework by using computer, they can join after school activities such as playing basketball with peer. http://www. essayforum. com/writing-feedback-3/computer-book-other-essay-981/ Article 2 Join now! | Login| Support| Term Papers and Free Essays ————————————————- Top of Form Browse Essays| | | Bottom of Form Book Reports / Computers Taking Over Books Response To Anne ProluxComputers Taking Over Books Response To Anne ProluxThis essay Computers Taking Over Books Response To Anne Prolux is available for you on Essays24. com! Search Term Papers, College Essay Examples and Free Essays on Essays24. com – full papers database. Autor: anton 23 March 2011Tags: Computers, Taking, ResponseWords: 1027 | Pages: 5Views: 181Printable Version Essay: Computers Taking Over Books Response To Anne ProluxRead Full EssayJoin Now! Visal GallapaththiMs. GrayENG3U1March 7th 2008Flipping The ScreenHalf a century ago, people used books for everything related to education. In fact, the human ‚a„? sbest source of knowledge and education was the book. If you wanted to look up a recipe, you opened abook. If you wanted to learn how to fix the radio on your car you opened a book called the manual. Ifyou wanted to know Black beard ‚a„? s real name you will have to visit the library and go through hundredsof encyclopaedia pages before finding what you wanted. Now in the 21st century, all you need is acomputer with an Internet connection and the whole world is just a click away. Slowly the computer hasreplaced the book in almost every way. Computers are much better than books because a modern computer can hold a billiontimes more information than the average 500-page book. If you wanted to do research about MartinLuther King Jr. It would take you at least an hour just to find the right book. Where as using a computer,you can find the same information in less than 5 minutes. Many people use the internet as a dictionary. finding definitions, this way only takes the time to type the word. A laptop computer equal to the sizeand weight of a book holds data about any topic you can think of. A book only covers a specific topic. Acomputer can hold much more types of data than a book. When you carry one computer, you arecarrying a hundred thousand books. In her essay, Proulx mentions an airplane is the best place to read a book and asks, ‚NsWhat areplanes but giant flying reading rooms ‚N? Many people use their laptops or the on board entertainmentsystem on a plane rather than reading a book. But, from my experience all I seen on planes is peoplesleeping, people watching movies and people working on their computers. I have only seen one personreading a book- a 90-year-old who probably doesn‚a„? t know what computers are. Proulx also says we canjudge what the person is like and their interests by looking at their books. We can only judge a personVisal G- page 2up to some extent when we look at their books. If we look at their software and files, we can see whatthey are interested in, and what kind of job they are doing, you can even know the type of music theperson listens to. In her essay, Anne Proulx says, ‚NsNo one is going to read a novel on a twitchy little screen ‚N?. If thisis true, why are there millions of e-book sales? According Latest Wholesale eBook Sales Figures Releasedby Andrew Savikas, last year, the e-book market increased by 150%. E-books work the same way asbooks. The only difference is you read an e-book on a computer. E-books are a lot cheaper than thetraditional books and they help save the environment by minimizing the use of paper. E-books are alsoan excellent source for new writers. If you have written, a novel and you are not sure if you want toinvest a lot of money into publication, you can upload your book onto specific book sites and see readerfeedback through comments and email. Many people think it is not good for one ‚a„? s eyes to stare at thecomputer screen for a long time, to solve this problem a new type of glasses called the e-glasses (alsocalled computer glasses). Many people are switching to e-books because there is no delivery time whenyou order it through the internet, you can read a book seconds after it is released! Proulx ‚a„? s statementsabout people, not reading books through the computer are absolutely incorrect. In summary, the computer has replaced the book in many ways. Many people believe readingfrom the computer is not the same as holding the book and reading it, These people probably nevertried reading e-books. If you have a laptop computer, you can read from it the same way you can readfrom the book. If you are going on your next vacation, I recommend loading your laptop with some e-books because its way lighter to carry books this way than to add more weight to your already over theairline limit luggage. Visal G ‚aâ‚ ¬? page 3CitedLatest Wholesale eBook Sales Figures Released by Andrew Savikas.? ’A © 2008, O’Reilly Media, Inc ————————————————- Get Better Grades TodayJoin Essays24. com and get instant access to over 60,000+ Papers and Essays| Similar Essays * The Invincible And The Taking Over Of Technology * Sponge Bob Square Pant Is Taking Over * General Electric Taking Over Jenbacher * Teachers Taking Responsibility * Fdr’S Response To The Great Depression * History Of Computers * Buying A Computer * Technological Progress In Computer Industry * How Computer Viruses Work * Apple Computers * Who Is Responsible For The Columbine Killings? * Computer Engineering * Computers * Ae Response To Alcoholism | Donate paper | Join now! | Login | Privacy Policy | Refund Policy | Cancel account | Support  © 2010 — 2012 Essays24. com

American Dream And The Civil Rights English Literature Essay

American Dream And The Civil Rights English Literature Essay As a continuation of the African-American quest for their racial pride and the creation of African-American political and cultural institutions in the United States of America, the role of dream was significant to the African-American people. It was not only a motif that was very much a part of the American phenomenon157, but was as a part of African culture as well. Dream had a reverence in the African-American community. African-Americans dealt with dreams as â€Å"part of their reality, and the course it’s related to the spiritual†.158 They believed, that was how God communicated to them. African Americans had a traditional way with dreams. Dreams were used all over Africa as part of â€Å"the healing process†, â€Å"if they [Africans] don’t dream, I [healer] cannot heal them†.159 That was from Zulu culture.160 Africans trusted dreams. They believed, in dreams their spirits came in touch with ancestors, or with the spirits of their living person s, or with higher spiritual being. Sometimes, dreams were used as a means of witchcraft, or they were sent by deceitful spirits. Other dreams might convey wisdom and interests of the departed. People, therefore, watched their dreams and talked about them, and they often took them to experts for interpretation. Traditionally, the interpreters of dreams included herbalists, sorcerers, diviners, and priests.161 Such beliefs (connecting dreams with ancestors) led Westerns to suppose mistakenly, that Africans worshiped their ancestors. However, the founder of Kwanzaa, 162 affirmed that Africans worshiped only God, the Creator, in his many manifestations. Ancestors were merely â€Å"spiritual intercessors between human[s] and the Creator†.163 These traditional dream beliefs were part of a broad enhancement of African-Americans’ identity in the United States of America. They represented the survival of African dream culture in Northern America.164 The cultural survival was mo re than just a useful concept. It was a deep article of faith for many of those whose forebears were torn from their native ground, scattered, and deliberately stripped of their cultures. In his play Going to Meet the Light, interviewee, Daniel Wideman linked between cultural survival, personal survival, and dreams. A character repeated what her grandmother taught her: She told me, the only thing that kept black folk going, through slavery and ever since, was that we got the power to remember what we never knew. That power is what kept our culture alive through the dark timesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦But, no matter how dark it gets, we still rise. We rise because, together we can always remember a story we never knew, a dream we never dreamed and we can ride that dream out and up into the light.165 In an old short story, Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906) had called attention to dreams as one device by which a slave kept going. â€Å"To [a slave,] slavery was [a] deep night. What a wonder, then , that he should dream, and that through the ivory gate should come to him the forbidden vision of freedom†.166 The general point was, however, the meaning of â€Å"survival† meant â€Å"dreaming†, which was one of the sophisticated coping devices by which African-Americans had â€Å"survived so well† through slavery to the present. This was what Darry Burrow stated, â€Å"It was a way to keep going and be a normal person, despite things that are designed to make [African American] not a normal person†.167 African-Americans’ endurance and survival during slavery were recognized by dream.

Module 3 Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Module 3 Case - Assignment Example al Production Cost 3,100,000 Total Production Units 50,000 Production Cost Per Unit 62 Performance for the 2nd Quarter As far as the improvements are considered for the 2nd quarter, the assessment for Mr. Rosen is not under right direction. The information that they had provided, gives the same amount of net income under both approaches. Sales are same for both these approaches. However, the costing side is affected by these two approaches such that the costs are broken up on different methods under the two approaches. For instance, under absorption costing, costs are divided into two main categories which are 1) costs directly attributable to units sold, and 2) costs which are not directly related to the manufacturing process (Jordan and Harris, 2008). Conversely, if contribution margin costing approach is taken into consideration, the overall costs of the company are divided into 1) variable cost, and 2) fixed cost. Variable costs are the ones which increases of decreases with the number of units sold but remain constant on per unit basis. However, fixed costs are the ones that remain same regardless of the number of units sold, but for a certain capacity (Kinney and Raiborn, 2009). Cumulatively, the net effect of these two approaches has found to be the same under the given information. However, the breakup of the costs under both approaches can be observed in a distinct manner. The second quarter performance for the division is same because number of units sold is same as the last year. Although, the overall production cost has been increased because of increasing the number of units, but since the sales units are the same, therefore production cost pertaining to units that are actually sold, has been taken into account which has caused the same result for both approaches under both quarters. Suggestion on Appropriate Reporting System From the given information, there are few suggestions to be made. The clear difference between absorption and marginal costi ng approach can only be observed clearly if there is comprehensive information provided especially regarding the level of inventory. In that case, it would be a rather better approach to make a clear point regarding which costing approach provides the better results. For better results, Mr. Roses is advised to not only increase the production units but also increase the sales volume as well. This will substantiate better performance rather than focusing on the reporting approach to demonstrate better results which is not more than a complacent view. Shortcomings of Absorption Costing Approach There are various shortcomings of absorption costing as a method of internal

Environmental policy and energy in the next 30 years Research Paper

Environmental policy and energy in the next 30 years - Research Paper Example The policies that are adopted should be geared towards invention of new energy sources to support those that are being depleted and the production, transportation and usage must ensure environmental sustainability. This paper examines the trend in the production, transportation, and usage of energy in the next thirty years, and secondly, the environmental impact due the forecasted trends. Trends in the Production, Transportation, and Consumption of Energy in the next 30 years Energy policy is the way in which the government or an entity decides to address energy, production, distribution, and consumption. The components of such a policy may include international treaties, legislations, offering incentives to investment, taxation and other public policies (AuthorStream, 2012). Consumption The global energy demands are expected to rise by 30 percent from 2010 to 2040 (ExonMobil, 2013). This calls for diversification of energy sources, seeking reliable and affordable sources of energy. It is only through this mix that energy can promote economic growth and social advancement. The world is changing with improved standards of life; introduction of modern appliances and fuel efficient vehicles coupled with limitations of greenhouse gas emissions defines our energy usage in future (Gigaom, 2013). It is projected that up to the year 2020 fossil fuels will still largely dominate the energy use. Oil demand will increase due to transportation needs and will fill the gap where other energy sources are not available. Usage of gas for process, heating, and power generation where available, will be on the rise. Oil is expected to remain the major source of energy up to 2040, recording a growth of about 25 percent. Natural gas is expected to replace coal as the second largest source of energy by the year 2025. Gas demand is expected to grow by 60 percent by the year 2040 (ExonMobil, 2013). Its growth is expected to surpass any other energy source. This may be influenced by gas being economical, clean, and efficient source of energy. Gas production pollutes less and meets the world’s future energy needs better. Coal, natural gas, and oil will remain to be the major sources of energy and they are estimated to account for 80 percent of energy by the year 2040(ExonMobil, 2013). Nuclear energy use is also expected to grow because of the rising need for electricity and the desire to reduce CO2 emissions. Nuclear energy usage is expected to double between 2010 and 2040. There is also an expectation in the growth of use of solar, wind and bio-fuels energy. These fuels are expected to have a demand five times that of 2010 in 2040. However, in 2040 they will only account for 3-4 percent of the total world energy (ExonMobil, 2013). This is because greater technological advancement is required in order to harness this energy source. This leads to higher costs of production and hence preference is given to other more economical sources (Lahidji et al, 1999). P roduction and Transportation Policies in the next 30 years Fossil fuels as earlier stated are expected to remain the most dominant energy source in the next 30 years. Advanced and more efficient technologies are expected to be developed in the production of fossil fuels in the next 30 years. Coal has normally been criticized for polluting the environment, the next 30 years may see introduction of new

Nobel Prize Winner Harald zur Hausen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nobel Prize Winner Harald zur Hausen - Essay Example In 1969, he became a regular teaching and researching professor at the University of Wurzburg, and worked at the Institute for Virology. In 1972, he joined the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. In 1977, he moved on to the University of Freiburg as the head of the department of virology and hygiene. (nobelprize.org) Harald zur Hausen has been honored with Nobel Prize for discovering HPV vaccine. The specific field of Harald Zur Hausen of research is the erudition of oncoviruses. In 1976, he published the hypothesis that human papilloma virus plays a significant role in the cause of cervical cancer. Mutually with his coworkers, he identified HPV16 and HPV18 in cervical cancers in 1983-4. This research directly made possible the development of a vaccine which was launched in 2006. He is also attributed with discovery of the virus causing genital warts (HPV 6) and a monkey lymphotropic polyomavirus that is a close relative to a newly discovered human Merkel cell polyomavirus, as well as methods to immortalize cells with Epstein-Barr virus and to persuade replication of the virus using phorbol esters. His work on papillomaviruses and cervical cancer received an immense deal of scientific censure on initial presentation but afterward was confirmed and extended to other high-risk papilloma viruses. ( The Gairdner Foundation) He made HPV16 and HPV18 available to the scientific society.

The Role of The Teacher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Role of The Teacher - Essay Example The idea of nurseries dates back to the seventeenth century in Europe and the number of full-time child care centers in The United Kingdom now exceeds 11,5000. It is widely publicized by psychologists and other specialized fields of the child learning that these early years are the most important learning years of a child? life. A child formative invariably shape the rest of a child? being. Therefore, it is fair to say that the Nursery teacher has an enormous responsibility in the care of our young minds and although it is usually for only four or five hours a day they will have a huge influence on our children's early experiences and memories. The nursery teacher needs to be a special type of person with the patience and caring to be able to interact with the children on their level as well as communicate with the parents in the same caring but adult manner. It is essential that they create a safe and joyous learning environment for the children and prepare daily, creative and fun l essons with outdoor activities to encourage the development of coordination and motor skills.?children From Well-Implemented Programs Continue Showing Gains in School AchievementSeifert.2004) and studies have shown that the likelihood of antisocial behavior or a need for special extra education are significantly less than that of a child who enters school without experiencing preschool education. Qualifications and Training Each individual employer will have their own personal requirements for the teachers that they hire. The first move in becoming a nursery teacher will be to accomplish a qualified teacher status. ?o Become A Nursery Teacher In A State School, You Must Gain Qualified Teacher Status(QTT)(Directgov,2010). You will achieve this by completing either undergraduate, postgraduate,school-centered or work based on Initial Teacher Training(ITT). (Di On top of the academic achievements required, an employee will be looking for teachers with a strong knowledge of the subjects and activities they will teach. They will be looking for communication skills and an ability to instill trust and confidence in their charges and with an understanding of a child's personal, physical and emotional needs. Patience and creativity will be traits that will be strongly favored. There is the opportunity for the Nursery Teacher to advance their career and maybe become a center director or even, with further studies move on to Kindergarten through to grade three. Likely Daily Issues In child care facilities it is children, usually from 1 to 4 years old that are being cared for and the main key issue is that you are providing non-maternal care. That being the case many days to day problems will arise that the nursery teacher will need to deal with.?abies Don't Only Need Constant Care, They Need Consistent Care.(Leach,2004,p.13). With changing in staffing on a regular basis through shortly staffed split shifts, sick leave and holidays the child is receiving a number of differ ent mother figures and this can be a problem unless each carer gives the child the same, manner of care, attention, and discipline as it is imperative that the child be treated with consistency. This is just one of the key issues the nursery teacher will need to address. Another major issue is dealing with problem children and they will always be there. Tantrums, hitting, biting are all issues that have to be dealt with by the teacher. Decisions on how to best handle them and minimize the disruptions to the other children have to be made. How to discipline a child that you are not the parent of to appropriate effect is a major issue of the child care worker.  Ã‚  

Ethics and Policies in Managing MacDonalds UK Essay

Ethics and Policies in Managing MacDonalds UK - Essay Example When operating, a company should consider its mission (what it will seek to do and become over the long term), its objectives (specific performance targets to fulfil its mission), and strategy (the means to fulfil its objectives). Daniels, Radebaugh & Sullivan (2004) suggested that the three major operating objectives that may induce companies to engage in business. They are Kotler and Keller (2006) deemed that companies should strive to raise the level of socially responsible marketing that calls for a three-pronged attack that relies on proper legal, ethical, and social responsibility behaviour. In this case, companies must adopt and disseminate a written code of ethics, build a company tradition of ethical behaviour, and hold its people fully responsible for observing ethical and legal guidelines. In fact, Kotler and Keller (2006) revealed a 1999 poll by Environics International, a public opinion research firm, found that 67 percent of North Americans are willing to buy or boycott products on ethical grounds. With the globalization of business, the issue of ethical positioning had become vital because "ethics emerge from the degree of agreement among societies, corporations and other organizations regarding the appropriate ethical frameworks and behaviors in a given situation" (Buller, Kohls & Anderson ,1991). Furthermore, Buller, Kohls & Anderson (1991) had explained that business ethics take into account both moral attitudes and moral reasoning. However, the relationship between these two elements is unclear. How do reasons and attitudes diffuse in the development of an ethical position Recent studies in business ethics have shown both remarkable similarities and differences across cultures with respect to attitudes toward questionable business practices. During the decades of the 1980s and 1990s business ethics was predominately a subject taught at business schools and debated by academics. It had little impact in the international business world, where the prevailing attitude was tha t anything goes and everyone is paid to cut a deal. Many governments (including France, Japan and Germany), recognizing the reality of doing business in certain parts of the world, actually allowed businesses to write off bribe payments on their corporate income tax (Mitchell 2003, p. 7). Recently, business leaders and CEOs already have realized the repercussions of not having solid ethical guidelines. Corporations of all sizes, especially multinationals, are more attuned to the bottom-line value of being a good corporate citizen and playing by the rules. Individual business people are seeking to do "what is right" (though this is often prodded by corporate ethics standards and local laws) rather than maintaining an attitude of "anything to close the deal." For example, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines was indicted for criminal violation of the Clean Water Act. The company acquired much costs as it put together an all-star defense team including two former federal prosecutors and two former United States attorneys general to defend itself (Sorkin 2004, p. A1). Briefly identify the ethical pressures present in the food industry, making reference to one organisation in particular. As the

Oil Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Oil Companies - Essay Example According to the report, titled, Hot Profits and Global Warming: How Oil Companies Hurt Consumers and the Environment, the soaring prices are not dampening demand because most families have little leeway to alter their driving habits. Federal government statistics show this summer's gasoline demand up between 1.6 and 1.9 percent from 2005. The increased prices of gasoline have translated into record oil company profits. In the first six months of 2006, the five largest US oil companies posted $59.4 billion in profits. These companies have spent $112 billion since 2005 to buy back their own stock and pay dividends rather than invest in infrastructure or alternative energy sources, according to analysis done by Public Citizen. (Raymond J. Learsy. The Blog Eat The Press Becoming Fearless. The Huffington Post). In this regard, the American government summoned British Petroleum before the House Committee on Energy and Commerce for clarification. It is alleged that the company allowed its Alaska pipelines to deteriorate despite such large profit margins, causing a partial shutdown of oil production in the US's largest oilfield and temporarily driving up global oil prices. Surprisingly it was reported that the officials of British Petroleum responded that the profits and saving secured were adjusted with the losses the company suffered due to the fluctuation of oil prices. The company was able to convince the panel easily, however the later reports indicated that the company in actual manipulated the accounts, and invested the money for the purchases of physical equipments which were off the record. British Petroleum has claimed itself to be renewable energy leader; it invested only $800 million a year in solar, wind, natural gas and hydrogen energy, less than 2 percent of the total amount the company posted in profits, stock buybacks, dividend payments and cash reserves in 2005. "Under the current market framework, oil companies aren't making investments in ways to break our addiction to oil and apparently have no intention of doing so," said Tyson Slocum, director of Public Citizen's energy program and the report's author. "With $1 trillion in assets tied up in extracting, refining and marketing oil, their business model will squeeze the last cent of profit out of that spent capital for as long as possible." (Johnston, 2005) IMPORTANCE OF RESERVES (Why reserves value are so important) It is understandable that fraction of the profits stem from the international rise in the prices of petroleum, the report has mentioned that, large oil company mergers have squelched competition and has created negative impact on US consumers. Recent mergers between giant oil companies such as Exxon and Mobil, Chevron and Texaco, and Conoco and Phillips have resulted in just a few companies controlling a significant amount of gasoline in the US. Since 2005, the largest five control 55 percent of the refining market, and the largest 10 dominate 81.4 percent. The purpose of these exercises was to increase the amount of reserves produced and refined by the merged company. These exercises are further responsible for giving a strong image to the company, on the basis of their production activity. It is to be mentioned that the company's total

Emerging market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Emerging market - Essay Example A developing or emerging market is one characterized by high industrial growth. This implies increase in the industrial output and India has been going through rapid industrialization. It has seen a growth of around 27% percent in Industrial output which is second only to China. Growth in Industrial output means a great deal of wealth is being generated and looking at the statistics we can see that as a result this wealth generation there was a need of an organized financial system. As a result of the unprecedented growth that India experienced, many financial firms including banks, insurance companies, consumer banking firm sprouted to serve the increasing needs of Indians in order to properly utilize their newly-earned wealth. (Lei, 2007) Another feature of an emerging market is proper governance and India is being governed by a very rational and open-minded parliament. Some credit also goes to Indian army for that as India has never faced Military coups or any other embarrassing situation like that where power is snatched from the representative of the people and given to one sole dictator. This economics stability has earned India a title of "Largest democracy in the world". One must keep in mind is that economic stability is imperative for fast growth. The reason behind why countries around India who are blessed with the same natural characteristics as India and high populations have never been able to reach the level of India, when it comes to economic growth. Almost all countries surrounding India suffer from instable political system and periods of military coups occasionally, but the real credit goes to patriotic Indian army, which has never been temped into launching a coup against their own people. This has earned India a escalated position not only in the Asian economics but also in the world economics, where Indian case studies adorn the history, present and future. (theindianpolitics, 2009) A land of around 1.5 billion people, India's climb in the social and economic spheres has been tremendous over the past few years. During this time, India has grown from strength to strength. Proving all its doubters wrong, India is reaching great new heights at a very fast pace. This growth of India is not confined only to their economy, but let it be any facet; India is growing rapidly in an attempt to escalate to nadir. India is leaving its mark on just economic progress and development but all sphere of life or all fields where it can grow any further. For example, social growth of India can be judged by the fact that entire Asia is intimating European culture, but Europe and Western Nations are intimating India's culture. India's film industry, "bollywood" has penetrated western market and became the second largest film industry of the world after Hollywood. This great success of bollywood and Indian culture has given India exposure to far flung areas and contributed heavily in the recognition of India all around the world. As a result of all this factors and blessed with tremendous amount of useful natural resources, such as cheap and skilled labor, tropical climate, great fertile land etc. (Vyas, 2003) India has become a business hub and all trading and business activities are diverting towards India. Owing to all these factors and great trust shown by the foreign investor towards India, Bombay Stock Market is growing around 17% annually which is comparable to the richest stock markets like New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

Trans World Airlines (TWA) Essay Example for Free

Trans World Airlines (TWA) Essay Before Trans World Airlines (TWA) had expressed its interest to acquire Ozark Airlines (Ozark), it had already established itself so it will achieve dominance once the merger took place. The company initially equipped itself with knowledge and resources that will bring them to an advantage over Ozark. TWA went through three primary agreements prior to the acquisition on which it had displayed aggressive influence on all of them. In the Wraparound Agreement, TWA pilots used threats so they can have complete participation in drafting the merger terms with Ozark. They warned that they will withdraw their membership in the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) if the terms will not be drafted to serve their best interest. This control over the acquisition terms was amplified when TWA pilots and ALPA made an agreement with Icahn (the biggest stockholder of TWA) that they will â€Å"extend the wage and benefit concessions† in exchange for full influential power over the details of the merger agreement (Pierce Dougherty 146). The â€Å"threat† strategy was also used to compel Ozark pilots to sign the contract under the merger agreement. An Ozark respondent described that TWA had threatened to take additional 10 airplanes on top of the 4 already acquired and to lay off more pilots if the contracts were not signed. The same strategy was also used so TWA will obtain compliance among Ozark employees. The former had instilled the concept of it being a â€Å"big airline company absorbing a small airline company.† Hence, the latter as the â€Å"small company† should submit to their authority. Another communication practice used by TWA to display its dominance is by branding the employees. Branding was defined as the manner of creating a distinction between a TWA employee and a former Ozark employee. In databases, for example, Ozark employees were reported to have an asterisk symbol or big red letters â€Å"OZARK† beside their names. It appeared that though the two airline companies had merged, an internal division was still maintained. The â€Å"branding† also implied certain restrictions for the Ozark pilots. Contractual boundaries were set. These were referred to as â€Å"fences† (Pierce Dougherty 150). A TWA pilot attested that there were existing contracts that restricted former Ozark pilots to fly some of the aircrafts until a specific seniority level on TWA standards was acquired. Training opportunities for former Ozark pilots were also very low. With these restrictions, a seniority level which means better wages, benefits, equipment assignments and cockpit positions will be difficult or will take a longer time to attain for former Ozark pilots. The division was an accepted fact for both TWA and former Ozark employees. To further demonstrate this reality, both parties still display their distinctive badges, colors or pins. Some even had symbolic tattoos on their bodies. Pierce Dougherty interpreted this as an approach by the dominated party to display resistance (152). Through their unique colors or pins, former Ozark employees reinforced their identity amidst TWA’s dominant structure. Some former Ozark pilots also exhibited their identity by not adopting TWA’s flying standards. These forms of resistance may not have altered TWA’s dominance but former Ozark employees had gained their own source of personal power by identifying themselves as â€Å"Ozarks† (Pierce Dougherty 154). Through the case study made by Pierce and Dougherty which tracked the pre-acquisition and acquisition of Ozark by TWA, it was established that power-as-domination can be created, enacted and maintained through communication processes (157). TWA’s behavior was seen to be very influential from the very start. Since they were at an advantage when it came to resources and size, they were able to threaten other organizations such as ALPA to get what they want and how things should happen. Former Ozark employees also feared these threats and had no recourse but to follow what TWA mandated to avoid losing their jobs. It is evident from the case study that TWA made no effort to erase the division that resulted from the apparent disparity with the former Ozark employees. Instead, they reinforced the situation by further defining limits hence preventing any opportunity for the former Ozark employees to step up from their places and be an equal. This, as it appeared, was a way to preserve the status quo which had TWA as the dominating company. Pierce and Dougherty, however, described this situation as very unhealthy. They said this fosters a negative environment, lower productivity and lower commitment among the employees especially toward the parent company (157). From the authors’ observations in the workplace, TWA pilots and former Ozark pilots rarely interact as one group. Conversations were usually brief and only because urgency or necessity. The lack of unity was all the more evident by the different colors, pins or badges that the employees displayed to show the airline company where they had originated. Some former Ozark pilots also refused to follow certain standards as they do not conform to what they had been doing in the past. Pierce and Dougherty recommended that managers should not tolerate such differences within the company that came from a merger. The merging of two companies should be seen as a partnership not as â€Å"one company swallowing another† (158). The merger should invest on the strengths of both companies and strive to develop a better combined company that can compete with any similar company in the world. In the process of recognizing the contribution of each individual employee, whether he/she is a TWA employee or a former Ozark employee, communication processes that exhibit power imbalances will be minimized or will even be non-existent. Threats will no longer be necessary to achieve compliance and commitment. Instead, there will only be one airline company achieving its targets from the combined powers of TWA and Ozark. Reference: Pierce, Tamyra Dougherty, Debbie S. â€Å"The Construction, Enactment and Maintenance of Power-As-Domination through an Acquisition: the Case of TWA and Ozark Airlines.† Management Communication Quarterly 16.2 (2002): 129-164.

Gambling legalization Essay Example for Free

Gambling legalization Essay Gambling is the act of playing for stakes in the hope of winning (including the payment of a price for a chance to win a prize). (Oxford dictionary) Many have their own opinions about gambling and at this time gambling is not legally practiced here in The Bahamas. â€Å"Such a move would bring an end to an illicit industry that makes tens of millions of dollars a year and which employs hundreds; but which contributes little to the general good of the Bahamian people. † (The Bahama Journal 2008). There are many aspects of gambling that can indeed be looked upon positively. â€Å"Gambling comes in many forms, including betting in casinos, racetracks, sporting events, lotteries, bingo games and even virtual gambling on the Internet† (Oddo 2007) Gambling should indeed be legalized, because it will help our economy and society in many ways. If gambling is practiced it’ll give persons with idle time on their hands, something to do and it can also boost our tourism industry. The legalization of gambling here in The Bahamas will lead to an increase in the Bahamas’ Gross domestic Product (GDP), an increase in employment, and finally it can contribute to our entertainment industry. The legalization of gambling would be of grave benefit for our Government as it relates to the Gross Domestic Product In an article titled ‘Legalizing gambling in The Bahamas’ written by Craig Butler his argument for gambling was that the Prime Minister Rt. Honorable Hubert Ingraham should enforce gambling and put an independent company of auditors to oversee this new development. â€Å"If gambling is to be legalized then he must cause the infrastructure to be put in place that will avoid the inevitable attempts at tampering and manipulation by ingenious persons. † (Butler 2008). Once this takes place the Government will be able to implement a taxing system with our own internal revenue service (IRS) so that a certain percentage of the money i. e. twenty five percent will go to the Government in result more money would be spent on more capital goods, meaning more school’s will be built and more work infrastructure on our roads will be carried out. In America, Statistics show that approximately 92. 27 billion dollars comes from gambling on a yearly basis. If this same scenario would apply to us here in The Bahamas that will mean that gambling would be of benefit to our revenue and finance sector. Some believe that legalizing gambling would only allow the Government a free share of the money, and that share will only be spent on their own needs. They will use this money to purchase more cars for them to be chauffeured around in, to have more ‘business’ dinners for themselves, and to spend on five day trips all around the world and the economy won’t feel a dime of it. They are partially right because most people are used to politicians being voted in the House of Assembly and never coming around to visit their constituents, therefore they lack the trust in believing that the Government will deliver once they start to receive the percentage of winnings. However, they are misguided because the Government forecasts a certain percentage of money to go into capital goods every year during the budget and the normal percentage that is set aside for education and health care can rise and can be use more significantly. â€Å"But the legalization of this habit will not lead to an exponential rise in the number of gamblers. It will, however, allow government to fund programmes that can have a positive impact on our youth, such as community centres, sports and education facilities. † (Butler 2008) Mr. Butler makes it evidently clear in his analysis in the Bahama pundit that if the Government had the extra funds they would use it wisely. For example, there’s now a system set up by National Insurance for the unemployed. The unemployment benefit pays 100 dollars a week to those unemployed and if the Government receives more money this can to go up. Not only Bahamians will be getting taxed but foreigners as well. Therefore all of the foreigners that are here now using our casinos and going back with everything, would have to leave that twenty five percent tax fee for the government. Legalizing gambling would also lead to a decrease in the unemployment rate. In an article entitled ‘Gambling Entertainment’, it states that â€Å"The large percentage of employment provided by the Gambling industry, including the land based casinos as well as the Online casinos, puts gambling industry on the top of society chart straight away. † Having gambling legalized would automatically mean that employment will increase. At present Gambling is in the ‘underground economy’ mark when it comes to calculating the unemployment rate. Since it’s illegal workers are considered to be employed, however legally they’re counted as unemployed when it comes to the unemployment rate. In an article written by Olivia Saunders, Saunders illustrated the unemployment rate in a diagram that showed an unemployment rate of 7. 8 percent. Out of this 7. 8 percent count are the people that are already presently working for number houses, if we legalize gambling that rate would automatically decrease. Many are lead to believe that legalizing gambling won’t decrease the unemployment rate, because there are already a substantial amount of lottery houses opened already and there are still many unemployed, it’s impossible for this to help our unemployed, and even if it does, it won’t completely take care of the problem. They are partially right because legalizing gambling won’t lead to a complete decline in the unemployment rate, and it won’t be able to employ everyone without a job, however they are misguided because it will help tremendously. Legalizing gambling means that more lotto shops will be able to open, not only in Nassau but also on the family islands which will attract more tourists. Therefore they’ll need more staff, this will also lead to more casinos and more people will be hired in many different aspects. For example they’ll need cleaners, cashiers, coupe and hostesses. The real truth is there are many different aspects in our economy that contributes to the unemployment rate both increasing and decreasing and this rate can never be steady. However once gambling is legalized and there are more venues opened then it’s a necessity to hire people to work in them, and these people will then count towards the unemployment rate and it’ll then decrease. Finally the legalization of gambling can be used as a sport and a form of entertainment. The only form of gambling is not purchasing numbers from the lotto shops as some Bahamians are blindsided to believing, however it is also a sport. There was once a horse racing venue that was used as a sport over here in 1976 but had to leave because gambling wasn’t legal. Legalizing gambling would allow this form of entertainment to once again be practiced. In a journal named ‘Gambling The cost of our future,’ it indicates that ‘Those who participate in gambling activities do so voluntarily and, in return, receive intrinsic benefits from their consumption. Furthermore, if consumers are gambling for entertainment purposes, they are purchasing gambling just as they would purchase tickets for the cinema or a symphony. † (Basham, White). This statement raises a thoughtful argument because gambling is indeed a risk however this risk is on the same level of buying a cinema ticket and you’re not sure if the movie will play or a symphony and you’re not sure if you’ll enjoy it. Opponents believe that having gambling as sports can only lead to more financial problems for an unstable financial home. They may argue that gambling is an addictive game and some families aren’t ready for the strain that this addiction entails, and some people may be willing to do anything to satisfy this addiction like commit robbery. Gambling addiction is also referred to as compulsive gambling or pathological gambling. Medical Author Roxanne Dryden-Edwards raise a valuable point in her article ‘Gambling Addiction’ stating that â€Å"The number of people who gamble socially qualify for being diagnosed with a gambling addiction range from 2%-5%, thereby affecting millions of people in the United States alone. † (Dryden- Edwards) Some may debate that If The Bahamas population is only 316,000 compared to the United States, then our percentage will be more harmful if gambling is practice. But they are misguided because this entertainment and sport may not be addictive but relatively fun and exciting and a good family event for most, even though there may be some bad apples the pros may outweigh the cons. The real truth is that almost everything we do as a form of gaming exercise is pleasurable and having more opportunities will make gambling more enjoyable. The Government can also implement a system so that gamblers that develop the addiction can be fully taken care of and receive psychiatric help called Gamblers Anonymous’ (GA). According to the the 12 step recovery program statistics â€Å"Of those in their fourth month of AA meeting attendance (i. e. have stayed beyond 90-days) 56% will still be attending AA at the end of that year. † (Holding all others constant if this system is practiced here with addicts treatment will be beneficial. In conclusion, gambling can contribute to our economy significantly. Many feel as though gambling will cause more harm than good, however if it’s practiced correctly and everyone abide to the laws that would be put in place, gambling will be more than just an easy way to win a substantial amount of money it’ll be a form of entertainment for many, it’ll be a sport that can be family orientated and finally it can be a way for our economy to jump back into the expansionary boom period and no longer claim that we are in a recession. Works Cited Gambling: http://wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn? s=gambling Gambling Revenue: Current year data, Fact Sheets Statistics. 2003 American Gaming Associations http://www. americangaming. org/Industry/factsheets/statistics_detail. cfv? id=7 Saunders Olivia. ‘Unemployment in The Bahamas’ Gambling Entertainment. 2006 Royal World Casinos http://www. royalworldcasino. com/gambling_entertainment. html Oddo, Alfonso. The Economics and ethics of casino gambling. Review of Business. March 22, 1997. http://www. allbusiness. com/specialty-businesses/653985-1. html Patrick Basham and Karen White. Gambling with Our Future? The Costs and Benefits of Legalized Gambling. http://oldfraser. lexi. net/publications/digital/gamblingwithourfuture. pdf http://www. bahamapundit. com/2008/02/legalizing-gamb. html http://www. jonesbahamas. com/? c=128a=15872 http://www. medicinenet. com/gambling_addiction/article. htm http://www. 12step. com/statistics. html.

Equivalents In Little Man Computer

Equivalents In Little Man Computer -There are two different registers .MAR keeps address and MDR takes the content and read from the memory which was indicated by the MAR. These each memory location has an address. These address are identifiers them and the data which is stored there, only as each mailbox in the LMC has both an address. Slip of paper including the data stuffed into the slot. 9.19) Describe the steps that occur when a system receives multiple interrupts? -If we encounter with multiple interrupts, first interrupt makes a suspension of the program executing at the time, memory of programs critical parameters and transfer of control to the program which are handles the determined interrupt. After first interrupt, the second interrupt occurs. Second interrupts priority is compared to that of the original interrupt. When its priority is bigger, it gets precedence and the original interrupt program is itself suspended. In the contrary, processing of the real (original) interrupt keeps going and the new interrupt is caught on till the original interrupt program is complete. If the higher priority interrupt process is completed, the lower interrupt is processed. When any interrupts do not occur and when any interrupts result do not occur in the suspension of all CPU processing, control eventually turn back to original program which then resumes processing. Generally, multiple interrupts cause in a queue of interrupt handler programs. These p rograms are executed by priorities associated with each interrupt. 11.19)Carefully explain the differences between a client-server network and a peer-to-peer network. Compare the Networks in terms of capability and performance. -There are many big diffarence between a client-server and a peer-to-peer network. Firstly a peer-to-peer network do not has a central server. Each workstation on the network shares its files equally with the others. There is no central storage or authentication of users. On the other hand, there are allocate dedicated servers and clients in a client/server network. Via the client workstations, users can find lots of files that generally stored on the server. The server will determine that users can reach the files on the network. Peer-to-peer network is very usable because it can be installed in your homes or in a very small businesses. Employees can interact regularly there. On the other hand they are very expensive to set up and they gives almost no security. However, client-servers networks can become big to you need them. Millions of user support it and offer elaborate security measures but it is very expensive. When we compare two networks we can see that Peer-to-peer networks has: any PC is an equal participant on the network, PCs are not reliant on one PC for resources like printer, access to the network is not centrally controlled, operate on a basic PC OS, generally simpler and cheaper. Client-servers: A PC acts as the network controller, A PC controls access to network resources, network reach and security are centrally controlled, Need a special OS, generally more complicated but give the user more control. 11.21)Clearly and carefully discuss each of the advantages of clustering. -Clustering is two computers are in interconnecting and can create a solution when a problem occurred. One of the most important advantage of clustering is that if one of the computer has a fail, another computer can see the problem and automaticly recovery this problem. The users see no interrupt of access. Clustering computers for scalability include increased application performance and it has support of a greater number of users. It can cause ability to perform maintenance and upgrades with limited downtime and easily scale up your cluster to a maximum of seven active Exchange Virtual Server. 8.8)Carefully discuss what happens when a cache miss occurs.Does this result in a major slowdown in execution of the instruction? If so, Why? Cache miss means that cache controller can not do true fill the cache via the data processor acculy needs next .Cache misses slow down programs because the program can not going on its executing till the requested page is fetched from the main memory. In other words, The first cache miss will recompute the data, another request will get a cache miss and also recompute. As a result, this situation added calculation might slow down the whole system leading you to a loop. 7.14)As computer words get larger and larger,there is a law of diminishing returns:the speed of execution of real application programs does not increase and may,infact,decrease.Why do you suppose that this is so? Firstly we have to know marginal utility for understand to deminishing returns. The law of diminishing marginal utility helps people to understand the law of demand and the negative sloping demand curve. If you have something less, the more satisfaction you gain from each additional unit you consume. For instance; when you eat a chocolate bar, it taste is sweet and you were satisfied. However, when you continue to eat chocolate ,its taste started to disgusting for you and your pleasure will go decreasing. Another example can be classical System processors (CPUs). They are generally priced in an exponential manner: the fastest CPU available at any given time is so expensive, and then prices decrease quickly as you go down in speed yet, the increase in performance by getting a CPU thats a little bit faster is very slight. 7.16)Create the fetch-execute cycle for an instruction that moves a value from general purpose register1 to general purpose register2.Compare this cycle to the cycle for a LOAD instruction. What is the major advantage of the move over the LOAD? For moves: REG1 -> MAR MDR -> IR IR -> MAR MDR -> REG2 PC + 1 -> PC For load: PC -> MAR MDR -> IR IR -> MAR MDR -> A PC +1 -> PC The move fetch-execute cycle is beter because it is faster than LOAD because it occures between two registers. Registers are always faster than main memory. 8.11) a) Suppose we are trying to determine the speed op a computer that executes the Little Man instruction set. The load and store instructions each make up about 25% of the instructions in a typical program. Add, subtruct, in, and out take 10% each. The various branches each take about 5%. the halt instruction is almost never used (a maximum of once each program, of course!). Determine the average number of instructions executed each second if the clock ticks at 100 MHz. The  load  and  Store  Ã‚  take  five steps .The Add  and Subtrack also require five steps, IN and out  require four , SKIPs require four, and JUMPs require three. Then atypical  program  mix requires S = 0.25 (5  +  5) + 0.10 (5  +  5  + 4 + 4) + 0.05 (4 + 3) = 4.65 steps per  instruction  on average. If the clock ticks at  10  MHz., the number of  instructions  executed in a second, N = 10,000,000 / 4.65 = approximately 2.17  instructions  per second. b)Now suppose that the CPU is pipelined, so that each instruction is fetched while another instruction is executing. What is the avarage number of instructions that can be executed each second with the same clock in this case? With pipelining,  each  instruction  is reduced by the two steps required for the fetch. Then, N = 10,000,000 / ( 0.25 (2 + 2) + 0.10 (2 + 2 + 1 +1) + 0.05 (2 + 1) ) = approx. 5.7 million IPS 8.18) Some systems use a branch prediction method known as static branch prediction, so called because the prediction is made on the basis of the instructer, without regard to history. One possible scenario would have the system predict that all conditional backward branches are taken and all forward conditional branches are not taken. Recall your experience with this programing in the little man computer language. Would this algorithm be affective? Why or why not? What aspects of normal programming, in any programming language, support your conclusion. Little man algorithm can be affective for branch prediction method, because it is suitable for pipeling. Witout branch prediction,users have to wait till the conditional jump instruction has passed the execute stage before the next instruction can enter the fetch stage in the pipeline.You can avoid this waste of time via the branch predictor attempts. 7.6) Most of the registers in the machine have two-way copy capability; that is, you can copy to them from another register, and you can copy from them to another register. The MAR, on other hand, is always used as a destination register; you only copy to the MAR. Explain clearly why this is so. -Addresses are always moved to the MAR; there would never be a reason for an address transfer from the MAR to another register within the CPU, since the CPU controls memory transfers and is obviously aware of the memory address being used.

Fossil Discoveries in Kansas :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Fossil Discoveries in Kansas Did you know, in the state of Oklahoma it is against the law to either hunt or catch whales? Sounds sort of ridiculous when you think logically about it, but according to paleontologists it isn’t that far fetched. Over 65 million years ago Kansas, including the whole Midwest Region of North America from the Arctic Circle to the Gulf of Mexico, was covered by the Sea. Due to the continental uplifts of the mountain ranges in North America during the Pangaea stage, the once shallow sea of Kansas became shut off from the sea-water flow and dried out to what we know it as today. The biome of Kansas over the last 65 million years has become extremely dry and flat, which would account for a once shallow inland sea. For example; Salt Lake City was once in the mist of a glacier that filled the inside â€Å"hole† of the City, causing the surface of it to be extremely flat excluding the surrounding mountains. Recently in an article from Elasmo.com, recognition for Mike Everhart’s discoveries has been noticed. Paleontologists and Archeologists in Western Kansas â€Å"have been finding sources of some of the best Cretaceous marine fossils that have ever been found anywhere in the world.† (Everhart, #1). These fossils, though interesting and vast, have pointed a lot of questions to how and when Kansas was under sea level. From my research, I have found that the only explanations to these issues and debates are the discoveries found consisting of both the archaic sharks and plesiosaurs. In my research, the Oceans of Kansas organization for Paleontology has given me more than enough to focus on when depicting out how to correlate our modern logic about how Kansas is mostly a wasteland to when it used to be an ocean with striving life within. The sharks that have been recently discovered are increasing not only in size, but by type. Mike Everhart, lead Paleontologist of this organization, in April 2002 discovered an extremely large shark called the Cretoxyrhina Mantelli "Ginsu Shark". â€Å"A large lamniform shark found worldwide from Turonian into Campanian time during the Late Cretaceous.   Much the same size as a modern Great White (but not closely related), the Ginsu shark reached lengths of more than 6 meters before becoming extinct about 82 million years ago.

The Benefits of Implementing Talking Circles in the Classroom Essay

I spent my volunteer experience with Dr. Geis’ special needs classroom at County Elementary School; and throughout my participation, the most defining observation was that of the teachers and staff members. Naturally, some employees are better than others at fulfilling tasks. However, as time passed, I noticed that certain employees had difficulty starting each day fresh, free of the pressure and tension that may have accumulated from the previous day. I only volunteered a couple of times a week so my ability to wipe the slate clean was easier. Nevertheless, I can understand how taxing and repetitive the process can be for the full length of a school year. According to the National Commission on Teaching about, â€Å"one-third of all new teachers leave after three years, and 46 percent are gone within five years† (Kopkowski). The relatively high attrition rate of teachers is known as teacher burnout. Teacher burnout can be attributed to both physical and emotional facto rs which may include, â€Å"classroom disruptions, inadequate salaries, oversized classes, overbearing parents, excessive paperwork, cutbacks in supplies or materials, threats, harassment, assaults, violence, or problems with co-workers or with administrators† (Campbell). The National Commission on Teaching estimates costs up to, â€Å"$7 billion a year, as districts and states recruit, hire, and try to retain new teachers† (Kopkowski). Teacher burnout is financially and socially affecting schools, communities, and society. The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that may lead to teacher burnout, acknowledge the effects of the issue, and provide solutions to better manage the stress of teaching. In The Relationship Between Student Behaviour Patterns and Teacher Burnout... ...y. 2014. Clear, Todd R. Imprisoning Communities. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. Clifford, Amos. Teaching Restorative Practices With Classroom Circles. 1st ed. 2013. Print. Glassman, Bernard, and Rick Fields. Instructions To The Cook. 1st ed. New York: Bell Tower, 1996. Print. Hastings, Richard P, and Mohammed S Bham. 'The Relationship Between Student Behaviour Patterns And Teacher Burnout'. School Psychology International 24.1 (2003): 115--127. Print. Kopkowski, Cynthia. 'Why They Leave'. NEA. N. p., 2014. Web. 2 May. 2014. Mindgarden.com,. 'Maslach Burnout Inventory By Christina Maslach, Susan E. Jackson, Michael P. Leiter, Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Richard L. Schwab - Mind Garden, Inc.'. N. p., 2014. Web. 2 May. 2014. Pranis, Kay, Barry Stuart, and Mark Wedge. Peacemaking Circles. 1st ed. St. Paul, Minn.: Living Justice Press, 2003. Print.

Barbara Ehrenreichs Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America E

Barbara Ehrenreich's Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America Barbara Ehrenreich is a political/social journalist and writer. She is a best-selling author with a dozen book credits to her name. Her works include Blood Rites, The Worst Years of Our Lives, and Fear of Falling. She also has written articles for Time, Harpers, The New Republic, The Nation, and The New York Time Magazine. Her Ph.D. in biology endows her with the experience and discipline to approach as a scientific experiment the study resulting in her newest book, Nickel and Dimed. Light years removed from the kind of life she would eventually enter and write about, the genesis of the book happened during an expensive luncheon meeting with a magazine editor. As the conversation topic drifted, Ehrenreich casually wondered how people get by on the low wages of the â€Å"unskilled.† â€Å"Someone ought to do the old fashioned kind of journalism...go out there and try it for themselves,† she exhorted. She didn’t really have herself in mind, but her editor challenged her with a single word, â€Å"You.† The idea also came in the wake of sweeping welfare reform in 1996, which moved roughly four million women from the welfare rolls and into the workforce. The study Ehrenreich undertook then was to see how she could manage economically in the low wage work pool in which many such women found themselves. To prepare for the project, Ehrenreich set up some ground rules. When looking for work she would not fall back on the use of her usual skills as a writer, and she would take the highest paying job while at the same time seek the least expensive housing that still offered privacy and safety. Admittedly, she recognized the advantages she possessed -- good hea... ...ess, Ehrenreich’s book has received some criticism for its lack of policy suggestions. She does not offer concrete ideas on how to remedy this situation. Some also said she did not avail herself of the aide that is available. However, the reality is that those who need help aren’t magically endowed with the knowledge of how to receive it. In Barbara’s appeal for food assistance, it took initiative, seventy minutes of calling, driving, and nearly $3 spent in phone calls, which resulted in about $7 worth of food. In California, many of the working poor are made up of non-English speakers or those who are working here illegally. These people do not know where to start to get help or are not inclined to seek it for fear of reprisal. I found the book well written and very eye opening to the struggles faced by millions of women - and men - in the United States.

Class Inequality and Poverty as seen by Marx, Weber, and Lewis Essay

Our society today is currently experiencing a widening of the gap between the rich and the poor. As the saying goes, â€Å"the rich is getting richer and the poor is getting poorer,† our society attests to such truth, where the wealthy is gaining more money while the poor’s case is getting worse by the minute. Poverty is a big problem ever since the dawn of man. In an ideal world, the number of resources produced could feed more than any of the hungry mouths all over the world. But in reality, wealth is not distributed properly to every living individual. There are those who get more as compared to those who get less or get nothing at all. The sad reality If you take into consideration every living individual in a certain community, only a small fraction of its population enjoy living a well-off life, and a majority suffer from lack of resources or doesn’t have enough to fill their stomachs. A fraction of imbalance in the distribution of resources and wealth affects a greater number of people, wherein the sad reality lies on whom are the ones getting much and who are the ones gaining a lot. This is the sad reality in our society, where people thrive in a world filled with inequality and sadly, majority of the people suffer from the extra gains of some people. Class inequality can be traced way back in the history of men, when people learned to classify themselves, making some superior and some, well, rather inferior. Another sad reality is that the ones who are in the higher echelons of the society are the ones who are not doing actual hard labor. These people are the one’s capitalizing from the hard work of the poor working class, sweating their lungs out, literally giving their sweat and blood just to make money. This labor force is the one who is actually earning the money; it is their effort and strength that makes the real cash, not the ones bossing them around. But the harshness of life is reflected in this situation: the ones working hard gets paid less, barely enough to make a living out of it, while the ones bossing everyone around gets a much bigger share, wherein they have exerted minimal or no real effort in doing so. This is the present situation of the working class of the past, the present, and maybe of the future. There are some great thinkers who have pondered on these things so to speak. This people, though separated by different views, expressed their opinions about how inequalities in the classes happen and why poverty exists, depending on how they see the situation. Their take on the realities are reciprocated by approval or by rejection from the people looking at their ideas. Some may seem radical to others, but some deem that is the necessary thought for that certain specific topic. These great thinkers include Karl Marx, Max Weber and Oscar Lewis. Karl Marx’ views For Karl Marx, poverty is the outcome of the rampant class inequality that the society is suffering today. The working class, whom Karl Marx advocates, is the ones who are actually earning the money for the society. They are the ones who actually deserve to get much of the gains, rather those who are capitalizing from their labor. Marx stressed that capitalists are the ones bringing disarray in the society because they are actually contributing lesser work as compared to the laborers, yet they are getting most of the gains. In order to correct this, Marx strongly advocated the abolishing of capitalism and replaces it with communism. For him, it could be a way to alleviate poverty in the society today, rather than just letting the capitalists sit around and wait for the harvest of their money’s fruit, rather than giving the laborers the real fruits of their labors. In Marx’ belief, capitalism has been the root of the great class divide, the widening gap between different social strata, where the poor and the rich are distinctively apart from each other. This is because of the fact that a great part of the gains goes to the pockets and the bellies of the capitalists, who are theoretically â€Å"getting even richer,† the fact that they are the ones who have the money. On the other hand, the laborers, the ones who are exerting greater effort as compared to these capitalists, are not getting anywhere the definition of rich at all, hence, they are having the difficulty to cope with the increasing cost of living, thus worsening their status, with them experiencing the â€Å"poor is getting poorer† part (Hallas, 2002). Looking closely at Marx’ ideas, you could see that it could also be about freedom. It is being able to freely produce and receive what is rightfully yours, as for the part of the laborers, for their efforts, their hard work to be reciprocated with enough pay. It is about how the true â€Å"money-earners† – the laborers, be able to control various circumstances that could benefit them, and not the capitalists. They will be able to create a free society where their hard work will be equal to a good life for them and their families. Because of this, the society will be a better place as conceived by Marx. It will be an exploitation-free society, in the same time it will do away with oppression, racism, unemployment, war, from poverty and inequality. Max Weber’s views Max Weber’s idea revolved on the role of an authority when it comes to the distribution and allocation of the national resources. He also stressed out that the wealth of the country, the nation’s riches, came from the bureaucratic organizations present. They are clearly the ones influencing the allocation of these resources because as Weber sees it, they were the producers, not the common working class. His main idea stated that bureaucracy, an organizational arrangement of the people themselves, is to administration as compared to machine which is for production. Weber defines bureaucracy as an institutional method wherein the rules are applied to certain specific cases, thus justifying the government’s action as being fair and really predictable (â€Å"What Is Bureaucracy?† 2004). For Weber, poverty was not essentially a natural situation or condition. The situation of poverty could be broken, wherein the social status of the people could be alleviated from the poor to the not-so-poor, thus implying a chance for people to develop. But if you see the definition of poverty as being relative, there could still be people thriving below the poverty line. This is because of the margin of difference from the rich and the poor are also changing. But if you look closely, their way of life, their social standings, their lifestyles had been changed. Even though they are still considered to be poor, relative to the rich people, they are able to alleviate their way of life out of the slums and were able to live a normal and healthy lifestyle. Oscar Lewis’ views American born anthropologist Oscar Lewis created the social theory about the â€Å"culture of poverty.† This concept of social classifications justify the positioning of the poor in the society, wherein the concept explains that the poor people have a different value system. Because of this, the theory suggests that the poor are slumped in the situation of poverty because they are continually adapting from the burdens of poverty. For Lewis, the poor became â€Å"the poor† because they were transformed by poverty. Poverty became a standard in classifying a person’s social status, thus implying that the definition of being poor is relative. It depends on how you look at it. Being poor doesn’t necessarily mean that you are not eating well, not being able to enjoy life as much as others can, etc. etc. Being poor entail being placed in the lower part of the poverty line. If there are a lot of rich people, the poverty line could be changed, thus some of the rich people may be considered as poor (Burt, 2004). American situation The most applicable principle in the United States of America was the contribution of Oscar Lewis. The quality of life in America is far better than other countries in the world, yet there are still some poor people. This is relative to America’s situation as compared to the situation of another country. There is a possibility that a rich person in another country, when he goes to America, he will be considered poor. Another possibility could be that when a poor man in America goes to another country, he could be considered as rich. Lewis’ introduction of a culture of poverty could be applied in America’s situation, wherein the concept of the poor is just a creation of the concept of poverty. Creating an underclass could have resulted to the introduction of a higher class, thus there was a basis for comparison of the different classes that exist in a society. The poor existed because of the rich people’s existence and vice versa. Burt, D. S. (2004). Oscar Lewis. Retrieved February 21, 2007, from http://www.answers.com/topic/lewis-oscar Hallas, D. (2002). The legacy of Karl Marx. Retrieved February 21, 2007, from http://www.socialistworker.org/2002-2/423/423_08_HallasOnMarx.shtml What Is Bureaucracy? (2004). Retrieved February 21, 2007, from http://www.semp.us/biots/biot_145.html

Constructivist approach to drama in the classroom

How does constructivist approach underpins what happen In drama? What is Drama? Drama is the act of using the imagination to become someone or something other than yourself. It can be done at any place to any period of time. According to Richard Courtney, a professional in the area of drama in education defines drama as, â€Å"The human process whereby imaginative thought becomes action, drama is based on internal empathy and identification, and leads to external Impersonation†. Courtney believes also that â€Å"life Is a drama. † Humans are always acting and improvising. When e meet someone for the first time, we Improvise our conversation.Life has no script written for us, however, we can use role-play to practice the anticipated situation What is constructivism? The term refers to the idea that learners construct knowledge for themselves; each learner individually (and socially) constructs meaning, as he or she learns. Constructing meaning is learning. The dramatic c onsequences of this view are two fold; we have to focus on the learner in thinking about learning (not on the subject/ lesson to be taught) There is no knowledge Independent of the meaning attributed to experience constructed) by the learner, or community of learners.As quoted by Ben]amyl Frankly, â€Å"Tell me, and I'll forget. Show me, and I may not remember. Involve me, and I'll understand†. This is indeed a fact for students to remember and understand what is taught, when drama is included. Drama is highly regarded as an effective and valuable teaching strategy because of its unique ability to engage reflective, constructivist and active learning in the classroom as well as enhancing oral skills development. Teachers should definitely incorporate drama in here classroom as this motivate the students that we teach and appeal too range of learning styles.Betty Jane Wagner, an Internationally recognized authority on composition Instruction and the educational uses of drama b elieves that â€Å"Drama Is powerful because Its unique balance of thought and feeling makes learning excellent, challenging relevant to real-life concerns, and enjoyable†. As educators, if we are not providing a fun and jobs. Research indicates that using drama in the classroom as a means of teaching helps students learn academically, socially, and developmentally. â€Å"When drama is employed in the classroom.It can reach students who otherwise couldn't be reached, and challenge students who have already grasped the concepts. Drama provides a fun means of learning. It brings the affective back into the classroom, an institute where emotions and learning are categorically divided. Recent brain research by D. O. Webb, university professor of psychology, proves that emotions are linked with learning. When we connect to the concept emotionally, we will have a better understanding of it. When we teach using the arts we are linking prior experiences with new stimuli. Teaching us ing drama brings emotion and learning together.According to Wagner, when drama is used in the classroom to teach it gets students involved and gives them the power to have a key role in their education. â€Å"Through drama, students became a part of the learning process rather than mere observers or inactive receptacles of the rich experience of learning; in this way, their learning becomes more sustained, and infinitely more complex† Drama is a natural, innate form of learning for children. As young as toddlers, children play house and pretend to be doctors, teachers, or some other career, which assassinates them. These children are using drama to practice for or imitate life. Playing is one of the most powerful ways for a child to learn. He looks at the world around him and plays what he sees such as; going to the office, driving a bus, make- believe stores or parties and on and on. Children also tries different ways of acting, assumes various roles and challenges himself w ith all sorts of problems† (Wagner). Dramatic play helps children prepare for life and cope with growing up. It allows children to explore and make sense of the complexities of life without experiencing allure. Since dramatic play is so innate in children, it should be carried on into the classroom.It is something that children are very good at and love to do. Wagner also argue that, â€Å"Children bring with them to the classroom the universal human ability to play, to behave, â€Å"as if† ; many children spontaneously engage in such dramatic play from as young an age as ten months†. It is very natural for a child to use his or her imagination to transform him or herself even as young as infantry. They are experts in the field†. Psychologist, Sigmund Freud ought surely to kook in the child for the first traces of imaginative activity. The child's best loved and most absorbing occupation is play.Children at play behaves like an imaginative writer, in that h e creates a world of his own or, more truly he rearranges the things of his world and orders it in a new way that pleases him better†(Wagner). When children gets the chance to transform themselves their imagination is set free. They are then able to make connections between what they already know and the unknown. This connection helps children learn and have a better understanding of Incorporating drama in the Classroom In using drama in the classroom, the main goal is to teach the core curricular areas using drama.Betty Jane Wagner, states, â€Å"role playing is improvisational, not scripted and memorized to present a performance for an audience. The emphasis is on drama as an intentional teaching strategy to enhance learning in a particular curricular area†. There are many ways in which drama can be integrated into the classroom. Drama can be a way to teach all subject areas, which includes Language arts, social studies, and science are subject areas, and will definit ely foster a higher bevel of understanding with our students â€Å"It is particularly effective in making a historical event come alive for students,† (Wagner).Act out the Dialogue One of the easiest ways to incorporate drama in the classroom is to have students act out the dialogue from their textbooks. Simply pair them up, have them choose roles, then work together to act out the dialogue, figuring out for themselves the â€Å"blocking,† or stage movements. This is effective for a beginning activity of incorporating drama in the classroom. Perform Reader's Theater Another good beginning exercise is to do Reader's Theater. Hand out copies of a short or one-act play, have students choose roles, and then read the play from their seats without acting it out.However, do encourage them to read dramatically, modeling as necessary. Act out the Story If students are reading a short story such as â€Å"The Chaser,† about the man who buys a â€Å"love potion† for his unrequited love, have students act out the story or part of the story, working in groups and assigning roles and determining the blocking. This is particularly effective with short stories, one-scene stories with limited characters. Write the Dialogue for a Scene Watch a brief clip of a movie without the sound on. Have students write the dialogue for it and act it out. Emotion Give students an emotion, such as â€Å"anger† or â€Å"fear†.Have students, either singly or in groups, first act out that emotion then put words to the emotion. Give Voice† to an Inanimate Object What would a stapler say if it could talk? Or an apple? Have students write monologues with inanimate objects as the character. A monologue is a short scene with Just one character talking, either addressing the audience, God, or himself or herself. Psychologists have viewed drama as a way of learning. While studying the growth of humans cognitively, psychologists have found that drama provid es a sound foundation for development. Level Viscosity and Jerome Burner both see cognitive growth as dependent upon interactive play and upon children imagining themselves acting in worlds that are developmentally a bit above their actual physical and intellectual level. Both provide a solid foundation for using drama in the classroom as a way that deepens and enlarges understanding† (Wagner). Drama is a form of â€Å"learning by doing. Dewey a known psychologist spoke on the importance of imagination, and stated that meanings are derived from past participant's use of imagination. The curriculum should integrate the imagination with the cognitive world of the student.Wagner stated that â€Å"John Dew's, ‘learning by doing theory shaped the progressive era in education†. It is also important to know that drama is beneficial because of how much the participants engage with each other. This helps to develop valuable social skills in young children. In order for ch ildren to be able to learn, they have to feel safe and comfortable. The engagement with each other in drama builds trust and strong relationship. Brain Research It is also important to know how humans learn, this will foster our understanding on the importance of drama.Juliann Sexton, who is the co-chair of drama in education conference, explains that recent brain research shows how drama can plays a part in how students lean. Each person learns best a little differently. Some learn best by visualizing, some by audible, and some by kinesthesia. However, not every person falls into one of these categories. I am sure that many people would confess that they member something best by using a combination of all three types of learning. This is why teachers must utilize all methods of teaching in the classroom.Using drama can be of benefit to all types of learning. James R. Lawson, author of the article, â€Å"Brain-Based Learning,† describes the process of how our brain work Xx wh en drama is incorporated. He states that, the brain undergoes an electrochemical process in which information is transferred from one neuron to the next. The brain is made up of billions of these nerve cells called neurons. â€Å"Neuron connections are flexible, webbed, overlapping, and redundant. Internal and external stimuli collaborate in the formation of pathways and patterns of excited neurons.The more frequently pathways or patterns of neurons are used the stronger the pathways and patterns become† (Lawson). It is important that these pathways and patterns become stronger because as they do it becomes more probable that they will be created again. â€Å"Simultaneous excitation of multiple pathways and patterns create growth of new neuron connections, thus increasing the potential of the brain to learn. It is important when teaching to connect the new eternal with student's past experiences because it is this â€Å"simultaneous excitation† that helps us learn.Dra ma is also a means of problem solving. When students work together in drama, they may run into problems where, for example, they do not agree on a solution or action the rest of their group is taking. Wagner states, â€Å"Participants in drama must negotiate their roles. Unless they can agree and cooperate, the game is over†. Like all group work, students must problem solve how they will handle this conflict of interest. This will help students to become life long learners. Most definitely as adults e all face problems in our social lives.Whether problems occur at home, school, or education calls for more group work, so students obtain the crucial skills needed throughout life. It is quite evident that the frontal cortex part of the brain is very much triggered using drama. Conclusion Drama gives educators the opportunity to teach their students in a way, which would create a love for learning. It provides valuable problem solving, social, and creative skills. Drama embraces the child's imagination and emotions, which in many classrooms are shunned. Students will be able to engage in activities and immersed n the roles, which they assume.We are naturally equipped with the ability to use drama in our lives. It can be said that drama is a way of life. Drama activates the whole brain and also engages many different kinds of intelligences. It reaches students who need a challenge, as well as students who are not reached through traditional teaching methods. If educators want to reach their students and teach them in the most effective possible way, then they will integrate drama and the arts into their classroom. The impact that this kind of authentic learning can make on a child is priceless.

Long-Lasting Hostility Among Indians Towards British Rule Essay

How far do Sources 10, 11 and 12 suggest that the Amritsar Massacre created widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians towards British rule? Sources 10, 11 and 12 suggest that the Amritsar Massacre, the incident in which British troops under the order of General Dyer fired at a crowd of Indian protesters on the 13th April 1919, did create widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians towards the British. Creating the British government to be portrayed as repressive and irresponsible. However, the alternative view presented by the sources is that Indians were not hostile towards the British, but they were in fact appreciative of their help and did not feel that they were repressive. The view of which the Amritsar Massacre did create widespread and long-lasting hostility amongst Indians towards British rule is presented in Source 11. ‘The Empire have become dishonest and unscrupulous, with no regard to the wishes of the Indian people.’ This article was written by Gandhi in 1920, which is shortly after the Amritsar Massacre, and the reliability of it is not that high as it is published in his own newspaper. Although it is still useful as Gandhi was a highly influential figure and supported by the masses so what he said would be key. Using strong words such as dishonest and unscrupulous, suggests strong feelings of hostility towards British rule. Also Gandhi feels as though the British are almost cheating the Indian people, meaning that the British are doing what they want without consulting the people they are ruling over. This source shows that the hostility felt by Indians was in fact widespread as it is written by Gandhi, a man who represented and was supported by the masses within India. This source does suggest that the Amritsar Massacre did create widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians towards British rule. This theme of hostility towards British is also shown within Source 10, ‘Irresponsible government†¦ rights of human beings are denied to us.’ This extract is from a speech made by Motilal Nehru at the meeting of Congress a few days after the Massacre occurred. The usefulness of this is not as high as source 11 as we cannot be sure if the hostility was long-lasting as it is the same year as the Massacre itself. Although the reliability is still high Nehru was addressing the whole of Congress meaning he could not lie and also as it a few days after the Amritsar Massacre would increase the reliability as it will show the true feelings of Nehru. This extract shows that the Indians once again felt that the British were doing as they pleased without Indian voices being heard, which is also shown in source 11. However, as this source is written by Motilal Nehru, leader of the Indian National Congress, it is difficult to say from this source that hostility was in fact widespread as Nehru only represents the Indian National Congress which has the high caste community as a significant majority. Although this source does not show that the Amritsar Massacre created widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians, however it does suggest that it was leading to this point. However, the alternative view shown within source 12 is that Indians were not hostile towards the British, but they were in fact appreciative of their help and did not feel that they were repressive. ‘Without British protection we would not be completely oppressed by their majority.’ This extract was from a Muslim shoe merchant, Hafiz Hussain, investigating Hindu-Muslim riots during the civil disobedience campaign in 1931. This extract is useful and also reliable as it is from a common Muslim who would have no reason to lie and would give an overview and insight into the situation. As Hafiz Hussain is talking about the pressure the Hindus put the Muslims under to close their shops as a mark of respect for an executed terrorist, he is glad that the British are protecting them as they would have no choice in closing their shops as the majority would oppress them into doing so. This shows that this hostility towards the British was not caused by the Amritsar Massacre but that of the execution of a terrorist. This suggests that the Amritsar Massacre was not the only reason widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians towards British rule was created, it shows that other factors came into play. The view that the Amritsar Massacre created widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians towards the British is shown mainly within source 11, as it is the most useful and reliable source, but also source 10 as well. Although source 12 does suggest that there were other factors leading towards the hostility among Indians towards the British its provenance is not as great as those of sources 10 and 11 combined. As source 10 is the most useful and reliable at showing the widespread and long-lasting hostility among Indians due to the Amritsar Massacre it outweigh the points given by source 12. Suggesting that that the Indian people did have widespread and long-lasting hostility towards British rule because of the Massacre.